CN102258938A - Soda lime as medical carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Soda lime as medical carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102258938A CN102258938A CN201010189091XA CN201010189091A CN102258938A CN 102258938 A CN102258938 A CN 102258938A CN 201010189091X A CN201010189091X A CN 201010189091XA CN 201010189091 A CN201010189091 A CN 201010189091A CN 102258938 A CN102258938 A CN 102258938A
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- soda lime
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- carbon dioxide
- koh
- naoh
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
Abstract
The invention discloses soda lime as a medical carbon dioxide absorbent and a preparation method thereof. The soda lime comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 75-85% of Ca(OH), 0.5-5% of NaOH, 0-3% of KOH, 0.1-1% of humectant, 0.5-5% of disintegrating agent, 0.005-1% of pH indication coloring agent and 10-20% of water. The soda lime prepared by the invention has better friability, is uneasy to generate fine power and dry, and the CO2 absorption rate meets the requirement of national drug standards.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime, be mainly used in the carbon dioxide and the employed field of traditional sodium lime that absorb the human body exhalation in the hospital anaesthesia system, as chemical analysis, colliery, diving, space flight etc.
Background technology
As far back as 1777, Sweden scientist Scheele found that limewash can absorb the CO that animal breath produces
2, and during the World War I, scientists has been invented the soda lime product of sustainable use, and in World War II, become the important component in soldier's breathing mask in the army.Soda lime is as CO at present
2Absorbent is existing to be extensive use of, and is mainly used in anesthesia, respiratory care, high-pressure chamber, submarine etc.Soda lime obtains the long-term favor of people owing to it is of fine quality, efficient, easy to use.
Carbon-dioxide absorbent is an indispensable part in the closed circuit anesthesia (or low discharge sucks anesthesia), and soda lime is a kind of absorbent wherein relatively more commonly used, is embodied in the American Pharmacopeia.Domestic existing how tame soda lime manufacturer is as receiving brightness dried reagent factory, Medical High Molecular Product Co., Ltd., Shandong Weigao Group, Shanghai the May 4th chemical reagent Co., Ltd and Xinning, Taishan City pharmaceutical Co. Ltd etc. in Beijing Dare Li Nashihuichang, Shanghai.
The friability of soda lime is an important indicator weighing its quality.When soda lime product particle internal bond is poor, comparatively soft,,, also be difficult to avoid in use producing fine powder even if sieve processing before using easily in transit because of collision produces a large amount of dust.And this is breakneck in closed circuit anesthesia (or low discharge suck anesthesia), and fine particle is sucked by the patient easily and causes asthma, expiratory dyspnea etc.And increase soda lime hardness, then can cause CO
2Gas is difficult to penetrate granule interior, makes product absorb CO
2Ability obviously reduces.
Present home products ubiquity very easily produces the shortcoming of fine powder, even price is cheap, market is still not as expensive imported product.Therefore, the soda lime of preparation high quality and low cost is the focus of each producer's research and development always.
In addition, commonly used NaOH, KOH improve the absorbability of carbon-dioxide absorbent in the soda lime, be because NaOH, KOH can catalytic reaction carrying out, its reaction equation is as follows:
(1)CO
2+H
2O→HCO
3 --(aq)；
(2)HCO
3 --(aq)(aq)+NaOH(KOH)→NaHCO
3(KHCO
3)+H
2O；
(3)NaHCO
3(KHCO
3)+Ca(OH)
2→CaCO
3+H
2O+NaOH(KOH)。
But because NaOH, KOH be highly basic, might with the harmful alkene or the CO of reaction generation a kind of being called " compd A " such as anesthetic Sevoflurane.Therefore, preparation NaOH and the low carbon-dioxide absorbent of KOH content also are one of focuses of external this type of research.
Relevant patent
Patent EP20010960921 is with Ca (OH)
2Be raw material, with CaCl
2And MgCl
2Being NMF, is plasticizer with silicate, is adhesive with the carboxymethyl cellulose base polymer, has prepared novel soda lime.
In patent EP0939671A1 and Chinese patent CN1244817A, the inventor is with Ca (OH)
2Being raw material, is raw material with calcium chloride hexahydrate or magnesium chloride hexahydrate, is plasticizer with the calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and is leavening agent with the aluminium powder, has prepared novel soda lime.
The above patent does not all contain NaOH, KOH, can reduce to a certain extent narcotic degraded, but it absorbs CO
2Ability also can descend.
Document: Hideyuki Higuchi, Yushi Adachi et al.The Carbon Dioxide Absorption Capacityof
Is Half That of Soda Lime.Anesthesia and analgesia.2001,93 (1): the carbon dioxide absorption ability that 221-225. report, discovery such as Higuchi do not contain the product of NaOH, KOH fully only is half of traditional soda lime.Patent WO2008085306A1 has used LiOH or its precursor in order to improve the absorbability of soda lime, and does not contain NaOH, KOH in the prescription.Its absorbability and commercially available prod are suitable as a result.But the LiOH price is higher, has greatly increased the cost of product, and corrosivity is big, can only use special device.In addition, LiOH thermal discharge in absorbing carbon dioxide is excessive, badly may cause fire if handle.
In Chinese patent CN1541723A, though the inventor has been feedstock production with calcium oxide soda lime is the CO of this method sample
2Absorptivity can reach more than 33%, but its raw material is a lime stone, also needs through calcination process, and the gained calcium oxide content is lower, and impurity is more, and NaOH adds too much (7～8%) in the prescription, and anesthetic is degraded.Therefore, this formulation and technology gained sample is difficult to satisfy clinical demand.
Summary of the invention
The technical issues that need to address of the present invention are to disclose a kind of medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime and preparation method thereof, to overcome existing defective, satisfy the needs of clinical use.
Medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime of the present invention comprises following components in weight percentage:
Ca(OH)
2 70～85％
NaOH 0.5～5％
KOH 0～3％
NMF 0.1～1%
Disintegrant 0.1～5%
PH indicates coloring agent 0.005～1%
Water 10～20%;
The percentage sum of said components is 100.
Preferably, described soda lime comprises following components in weight percentage:
Ca(OH)
2 75～85％
NaOH 1～4％
KOH 0.5～2％
NMF 0.1～1%
Disintegrant 0.5～3%
PH indicates coloring agent 0.01～1%
Water 10～17%;
The percentage sum of said components is 100.
Further preferred, described soda lime comprises following components in weight percentage:
Ca(OH)
2 78～83％
NaOH 1～3％
KOH 0.5～2％
NMF 0.1～1%
Disintegrant 0.5～1.5%
PH indicates coloring agent 0.01～1%
Water 10～14%;
The percentage sum of said components is 100.
Described NMF is CaCl
2, MgCl
2, among glycerine or the PEG more than one, preferred CaCl
2
Described disintegrant is a kind of in sodium carboxymethyl starch, PVPP, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (replacing molal quantity is 0.1～0.39%) or the microcrystalline cellulose, preferred sodium carboxymethyl starch.
Described pH indication coloring agent is a kind of in titan yellow, crystal violet or the ethyl violet;
The preparation method of the soda lime of medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
With Ca (OH)
2, NaOH, KOH, NMF and pH indication coloring agent add water and mix, the adding weight of water is Ca (OH)
2, NaOH, KOH, NMF, pH indication coloring agent and disintegrant gross weight 60～70%, add disintegrant and water again, the adding weight of water be Ca (OH) 2, NaOH, KOH, NMF, pH indication coloring agent and disintegrant gross weight 3～10%, make softwood, extrude, preparation becomes diameter to be 2.5～3mm and highly to be the cylinder of 3～10mm, 90～110 ℃ of drying 3～4h, water is sprayed on the dry products of acquisition then, is product.
The present invention adopts Ca (OH)
2As main component, because Ca (OH)
2Can with sour gas CO
2Reaction, and have certain rigidity, be difficult for moisture absorption, do not produce a large amount of heats during preparation, production process is easy to control, and is not only with low cost, and makes whole technology simple and safe controlled.
Contain minor N aOH, KOH in the prescription of design of the present invention.Although NaOH, KOH might may exist some degradeds, the CO of the product that does not contain fully to anesthetic
2Absorptivity is on the low side;
Another characteristics of the present invention as disintegrant, make product become loose slightly as sodium carboxymethyl starch, PVPP, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose etc. for adopting medicinal disintegrating agent.After found that an amount of disintegrant of adding, the product carbon dioxide absorption rate that is obtained obviously increases, and friability and outward appearance are not subjected to obvious influence.And preparation technology simply in other documents or patent, does not see the interpolation specific examples of such components.
Another characteristics of the present invention are exactly plasticizer-containing not.The present invention controls the hardness of product by the regulation and control of extrusion device, and the friability of product can reach requirement, and is difficult for producing fine powder.
The present invention adds moisture by spray-on process.Calculate the moisture that is added by the weightening finish method.This method with regulate and control the sample water branch by drying time and temperature and compare, more easy to operate and control.
The prepared soda lime friability of the present invention is better, is difficult for producing fine powder, is difficult for drying, CO
2Absorptivity satisfies national drug standards requirement.
The specific embodiment
Among the embodiment, moisture is to adopt plum Teller-Tuo benefit moisture teller to record.
Embodiment 1
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 35.71
KOH 21.43
CaCl
2 2.86
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 21.43
Ethyl violet 5.71
According to above-mentioned prescription, with Ca (OH) 2, NaOH, KOH, NMF CaCl2 and pH indication coloring agent ethyl violet add 300g water and mix, add disintegrating agent carboxymethyl base Starch Sodium and water again, the adding weight of water is Ca (OH) 2, NaOH, KOH, NMF CaCl2,3% of pH indication coloring agent ethyl violet and sodium carboxymethyl starch gross weight, make softwood, extrude, preparation becomes diameter to be 3mm and highly to be the cylinder of 10mm, 110 ℃ of dry 3h, obtain harder drying sample, sieve remove fine powder after, then water is sprayed on the dry products of acquisition, the weight content of water is 17.8% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 2
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 20.00
KOH 13.33
CaCl
2 6.67
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 33.33
Titan yellow 6.67
According to above-mentioned prescription, with Ca (OH)
2, NaOH, KOH, CaCl
2Adding 290g water with titan yellow mixes, add disintegrant CMS-Na and water again, the adding weight of water be Ca (OH) 2, NaOH, KOH, NMF CaCl2, pH indication coloring agent ethyl violet and CMS-Na gross weight 3%, make softwood, extrude, preparation becomes diameter to be 2.5mm and highly to be the cylinder of 3mm, 90 ℃ of dry 4h, obtain harder drying sample, sieve remove fine powder after, then water is sprayed on the dry products of acquisition, the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 13.0% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 3
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 25.64
KOH 6.41
CaCl
2 3.85
PVPP 25.64
Titan yellow 0.025
The preparation method is with embodiment 1, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 11.80% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 4
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 12.50
KOH 3.13
MgCl
2 21.25
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 9.38
Crystal violet 2.50
The preparation method is with embodiment 2, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 15.4% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 5
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 11.76
KOH 2.94
CaCl
2 1.18
The low-substituted hydroxypropyl fiber
Plain 11.76
Titan yellow 1.76
The preparation method is with embodiment 1, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 10.00% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 6
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 6.02
KOH 0.00
Glycerine 4.82
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 0.60
Titan yellow 0.06
The preparation method is with embodiment 1, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 15.09% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 7
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 14.88
KOH 8.93
CaCl
2 0.60
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 2.98
Titan yellow 0.36
The preparation method is with embodiment 1, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 11.34% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 8
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 9.15
KOH 9.15
CaCl
2 4.27
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 6.10
Titan yellow 4.88
The preparation method is with embodiment 2, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 12.5% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 9
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 18.40
KOH 12.88
CaCl
2 3.07
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 11.04
Titan yellow 1.84
The preparation method is with embodiment 1, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 10.8% to the product, is product.
Embodiment 10
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 20.00
KOH 10.71
Macrogol 4000 2.86
Sodium carboxymethyl starch 32.14
Titan yellow 5.71
The preparation method is with embodiment 1, and the sprinkling amount of water is: the weight content of water is 20.0% to the product, is product
Embodiment 11
It is as follows that soda lime of the present invention is carried out the pellet hardness test:
Operating process:
Get the about 20g of this product, put in the aluminium casket of 19 * 10.5 * 5cm, add diameter and be 20 of the steel balls of 7.9mm, with each second back and forth twice speed with dull and stereotyped above move, displacement is 26cm (comprising case length 19cm), and traveling time is 3 minutes, takes out steel ball, with the aperture is that the medicine sieve of 0.45mm sieves, and can not need greater than 80% by part.
Measurement result:
| Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 | Embodiment 6 | Embodiment 7 | Embodiment 8 | Embodiment 9 | Embodiment 10 |
| 97.3％ | 98.2％ | 96.4％ | 97.6％ | 98.3％ | 96.4％ | 98.1％ | 97.7％ | 97.5％ | 98.5％ |
Embodiment 12
It is as follows that soda lime of the present invention is carried out the experiment of carbon dioxide absorption rate:
Operating process:
Get one of the dry U-shaped glass tube of the about 15cm of internal diameter, high 15cm, the lower end with the cotton loose fill after, in an end of pipe, add the about 5g of dry calcium chloride, weight decided in accurate title; Add this product 9.5～10.5g in another pipe, weight decided in accurate again title, and the mouth of pipe is respectively filled in the single hole stopper, respectively inserts one of glass tube in the consent.Be equipped with glass tube on the arm of this product and contain calcium chloride in addition-the U-shaped glass tube is connected, with the speed of per minute 75ml, with carbon dioxide through calcium chloride feeding this product, after 20 minutes, put and be chilled to room temperature, claim to decide weight, the weight that is increased needs greater than 19%.
Measurement result:
| Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | Embodiment 5 | Embodiment 6 | Embodiment 7 | Embodiment 8 | Embodiment 9 | Embodiment 10 |
| 24.5％ | 24.8％ | 25.4％ | 25.6％ | 25.9％ | 25.7％ | 23.1％ | 24.1％ | 25.3％ | 21.3％ |
The comparative example 1
Prescription:
Weight
Component (g)
Ca(OH)
2 500.00
NaOH 20.00
KOH 5.00
CaCl
2 3.13
Titan yellow 6.67
According to above-mentioned prescription, with Ca (OH)
2, NaOH, KOH, NMF CaCl
2Adding 300g water with pH indication coloring agent titan yellow mixes, make softwood, extrude, it is 3mm and highly be the cylinder of 10mm that preparation becomes diameter, and 110 ℃ of dry 3h obtain harder drying sample, sieve remove fine powder after, then water is sprayed on the dry products of acquisition, the weight content of water is 15.79% to the product, is product.
Press embodiment 11 and measure product hardness, its hardness is 98.9% as a result.
Press embodiment 12 and measure product carbon dioxide absorption rate, the result is 9.01%.
Claims (7)
1. medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime is characterized in that, comprises following components in weight percentage:
Ca(OH)
2 70～85％
NaOH 0.5～5％
KOH 0～3％
NMF 0.1～1%
Disintegrant 0.1～5%
PH indicates coloring agent 0.005～1%
Water 10～20%
Described percentages of ingredients sum is 100%.
2. medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime according to claim 1 is characterized in that, comprises following components in weight percentage:
Ca(OH)
2 75～85％
NaOH 1～4％
KOH 0.5～2％
NMF 0.1～1%
Disintegrant 0.5～3%
PH indicates coloring agent 0.01～1%
Water 10～17%;
The percentage sum of said components is 100.
3. medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime according to claim 1 is characterized in that, comprises following components in weight percentage:
Ca(OH)
2 78～83％
NaOH 1～3％
KOH 0.5～2％
NMF 0.1～1%
Disintegrant 0.5～1.5%
PH indicates coloring agent 0.01～1%
Water 10～14%;
The percentage sum of said components is 100.
4. medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime according to claim 1 is characterized in that described NMF is CaCl
2, MgCl
2, among glycerine or the PEG more than one.
5. medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described disintegrant is that sodium carboxymethyl starch, PVPP, replacement molal quantity are a kind of in 0.1～0.39% low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose or the microcrystalline cellulose.
6. medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described pH indication coloring agent is a kind of in titan yellow, crystal violet or the ethyl violet.
7. prepare the method for the soda lime of each described medical carbon dioxide absorbent soda lime of claim 1～6, may further comprise the steps:
With Ca (OH)
2, NaOH, KOH, NMF and pH indication coloring agent add water and mix, the adding weight of water is Ca (OH)
2, NaOH, KOH, NMF, pH indication coloring agent and disintegrant gross weight 60～70%, add disintegrant and water again, make softwood, extrude, 90～110 ℃ of drying 3～4h are sprayed on water on the dry products of acquisition then, are product.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201010189091.XA CN102258938B (en) | 2010-05-31 | 2010-05-31 | Soda lime as medical carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201010189091.XA CN102258938B (en) | 2010-05-31 | 2010-05-31 | Soda lime as medical carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102258938A true CN102258938A (en) | 2011-11-30 |
| CN102258938B CN102258938B (en) | 2015-02-04 |
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ID=45005887
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|---|---|---|---|
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102489147A (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2012-06-13 | 浙江大学 | Organic-inorganic composite sol and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN104399359A (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2015-03-11 | 苏州维泰生物技术有限公司 | Medical carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof |
| CN104801172A (en) * | 2015-03-29 | 2015-07-29 | 安徽养和医疗器械设备有限公司 | Carbon dioxide adsorbent and preparation method thereof |
| CN108212073A (en) * | 2017-12-04 | 2018-06-29 | 但建明 | A kind of anti-crushing type carbon dioxide absorber and preparation method thereof |
| CN109499348A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-22 | 江苏立峰生物科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of carbon dioxide absorbent for medical use calcium lime |
| CN110614020A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-12-27 | 湖南佰裕科技股份有限公司 | Novel high-strength calcium hydroxide type carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0960921A2 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 1999-12-01 | Degussa-Hüls Aktiengesellschaft | Oligomeric organopolysiloxan cocondensate, his preparation and use for coating surfaces |
| CN1244817A (en) * | 1996-11-25 | 2000-02-16 | 阿姆斯特朗医疗有限公司 | Carbon dioxide absorbent in anaesthesiology |
| US20020072466A1 (en) * | 1996-10-17 | 2002-06-13 | Michael John Holder | Process for the manufacture of chemical absorbents and chemical absorbent formulations |
| CN1541723A (en) * | 2003-11-07 | 2004-11-03 | 孙久民 | Carbon dioxide absorbent for medical use |
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2010
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| US20020072466A1 (en) * | 1996-10-17 | 2002-06-13 | Michael John Holder | Process for the manufacture of chemical absorbents and chemical absorbent formulations |
| CN1244817A (en) * | 1996-11-25 | 2000-02-16 | 阿姆斯特朗医疗有限公司 | Carbon dioxide absorbent in anaesthesiology |
| EP0960921A2 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 1999-12-01 | Degussa-Hüls Aktiengesellschaft | Oligomeric organopolysiloxan cocondensate, his preparation and use for coating surfaces |
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| Title |
|---|
| M. YAMAKAGE ET AL.: "Performance of four carbon dioxide absorbents in experimental and clinical settings", 《JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ANAESTHETISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND》 * |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102489147A (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2012-06-13 | 浙江大学 | Organic-inorganic composite sol and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN102489147B (en) * | 2011-12-14 | 2013-12-04 | 浙江大学 | Organic-inorganic composite sol and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN104399359A (en) * | 2014-11-10 | 2015-03-11 | 苏州维泰生物技术有限公司 | Medical carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof |
| CN104801172A (en) * | 2015-03-29 | 2015-07-29 | 安徽养和医疗器械设备有限公司 | Carbon dioxide adsorbent and preparation method thereof |
| CN108212073A (en) * | 2017-12-04 | 2018-06-29 | 但建明 | A kind of anti-crushing type carbon dioxide absorber and preparation method thereof |
| CN109499348A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-22 | 江苏立峰生物科技有限公司 | A kind of preparation method of carbon dioxide absorbent for medical use calcium lime |
| CN110614020A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-12-27 | 湖南佰裕科技股份有限公司 | Novel high-strength calcium hydroxide type carbon dioxide absorbent and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN102258938B (en) | 2015-02-04 |
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