EP0959981A1 - Method for separating mixtures of substances using a material pervious to said substances - Google Patents

Method for separating mixtures of substances using a material pervious to said substances

Info

Publication number
EP0959981A1
EP0959981A1 EP98950049A EP98950049A EP0959981A1 EP 0959981 A1 EP0959981 A1 EP 0959981A1 EP 98950049 A EP98950049 A EP 98950049A EP 98950049 A EP98950049 A EP 98950049A EP 0959981 A1 EP0959981 A1 EP 0959981A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
carrier
composite material
metal
permeable
compound
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP98950049A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bernd Penth
Gerhard HÖRPEL
Christian Hying
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Creavis Gesellschaft fuer Technologie und Innovation mbH
Original Assignee
Creavis Gesellschaft fuer Technologie und Innovation mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19811708A external-priority patent/DE19811708B4/en
Application filed by Creavis Gesellschaft fuer Technologie und Innovation mbH filed Critical Creavis Gesellschaft fuer Technologie und Innovation mbH
Publication of EP0959981A1 publication Critical patent/EP0959981A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0052Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with filtering elements moving during filtering operation
    • B01D46/0056Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with filtering elements moving during filtering operation with rotational movement
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/24Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/42Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof
    • B01D46/4263Means for active heating or cooling
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/42Auxiliary equipment or operation thereof
    • B01D46/48Removing dust other than cleaning filters, e.g. by using collecting trays
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/52Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material
    • B01D46/521Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material using folded, pleated material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D46/00Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/66Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
    • B01D46/70Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter
    • B01D46/71Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter with pressurised gas, e.g. pulsed air
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/228Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8671Removing components of defined structure not provided for in B01D53/8603 - B01D53/8668
    • B01D53/8675Ozone
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D53/00Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/88Handling or mounting catalysts
    • B01D53/885Devices in general for catalytic purification of waste gases
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0041Inorganic membrane manufacture by agglomeration of particles in the dry state
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0048Inorganic membrane manufacture by sol-gel transition
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0069Inorganic membrane manufacture by deposition from the liquid phase, e.g. electrochemical deposition
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0072Inorganic membrane manufacture by deposition from the gaseous phase, e.g. sputtering, CVD, PVD
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D67/00Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0081After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
    • B01D67/0093Chemical modification
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D69/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/14Dynamic membranes
    • B01D69/141Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D71/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02Inorganic material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D71/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02Inorganic material
    • B01D71/024Oxides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D71/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02Inorganic material
    • B01D71/028Molecular sieves
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D71/00Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02Inorganic material
    • B01D71/028Molecular sieves
    • B01D71/0281Zeolites
    • B01J35/58
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0215Coating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0215Coating
    • B01J37/0225Coating of metal substrates
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/03Precipitation; Co-precipitation
    • B01J37/031Precipitation
    • B01J37/033Using Hydrolysis
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2265/00Casings, housings or mounting for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D2265/06Details of supporting structures for filtering material, e.g. cores
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/08Specific temperatures applied
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/08Specific temperatures applied
    • B01D2323/081Heating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/02Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/02Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
    • B01D2325/0283Pore size
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S55/00Gas separation
    • Y10S55/10Residue burned
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249955Void-containing component partially impregnated with adjacent component
    • Y10T428/249956Void-containing component is inorganic
    • Y10T428/249957Inorganic impregnant

Definitions

  • Membranes have long been used to separate mixtures of substances. Synthetic membranes are divided into organic and inorganic membranes
  • membranes made of plastics or inorganic components such as oxides
  • electrolysis or filtration there is always the problem that the membranes clog after a relatively short period of use and the material penetrates the membrane is significantly reduced
  • the membranes must be replaced and either laboriously cleaned or disposed of
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method for separating substance mixtures by means of a substance-permeable material which improves the substance separation and makes it more economical in that the material passage through the material is improved
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method for separating mixtures of substances by means of a permeable material, characterized in that an electrical voltage is applied to the material at least briefly
  • the process according to the invention has the advantage that it can be heated by applying a voltage to the material.
  • the material separation is accelerated considerably by the higher temperature in the membrane.
  • the heating of the material can also achieve that the materials have been thermally destroyed in or on the material during the material separation process. This can occur both during the material separation and in a cleaning cycle
  • the method according to the invention also has the advantage that, by applying a voltage to a permeable material, substances can be removed from and from the material used as the membrane by creating gas bubbles on and in the membrane which release the membrane from blocking
  • the inventive method has the additional advantage that by applying a voltage to the material this is electrically charged. Charged particles that are present in the mixture to be separated and have the same charge as the material are kept away from the material, whereby it, in Depending on the pore size of the material used as the membrane, it is also possible to retain salts during material separation
  • an electrical voltage is applied to this material at least for a short time
  • a permeable composite material can be used as the permeable material
  • Permeable composite materials or carriers are understood to mean materials that are permeable to substances with a particle size of 0.5 nm to 500 ⁇ m, depending on the embodiment of the composite material or carrier.
  • the substances can be gaseous, liquid or solid or in a mixed form of these aggregate states
  • This permeable composite material preferably has at least one perforated and permeable carrier as a base.
  • the carrier On at least one surface of the carrier and inside the carrier, the carrier has at least one inorganic component which essentially contains at least one compound made of a metal, a semimetal or a mixed metal at least one element from the 3 to 7 main group having
  • the permeable composite material can be applied to an openwork and permeable carrier by applying a suspension having at least one, a compound of at least one metal, a semimetal or a mixed metal with at least one element of the 3 to 7 main group, and a sol, and by subsequent, at least once heating, in which the suspension having at least one inorganic component is solidified on or in or on and in the carrier
  • the composite material can be permeable to gases, solids or liquids, in particular to particles with a size of 0.5 nm to 10 ⁇ m
  • carriers can be used which have spaces with a size of 0.02 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 100 to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the carriers used are at least partially electrically conductive
  • the spaces can be pores, meshes, holes, crystal lattice spaces or cavities.
  • the carrier can be at least one material selected from carbon, metals, alloys, glass, ceramics, minerals, plastics, amorphous substances, natural products, composite materials or from at least a combination of these materials,
  • the carrier which may have the aforementioned materials, may have been modified by a chemical, thermal or mechanical treatment method or a combination of the treatment methods.
  • the composite material preferably has a carrier that has at least one metal, a natural fiber or a plastic that after at least one mechanical deformation technique or treatment method, such as pulling, upsetting, milling, rolling, stretching or forging.
  • the composite material particularly preferably has at least one support which at least interweaves, glues, mattes or ke ramisch bound fibers, or at least sintered or glued molded bodies, spheres or particles, in a further preferred embodiment, a perforated carrier can be used.
  • Permeable carriers can also be those that are treated by laser treatment or Ion beam treatment become permeable or have been made
  • the carrier fibers from at least one material selected from carbon, metals, alloys, ceramics, glass, minerals, plastics, amorphous substances, composites and natural products or fibers from at least a combination of these materials, such as asbestos, Glass fibers, rock wool fibers, carbon fibers, metal wires, steel wires, polyamide fibers, coconut fibers, coated fibers, preferably supports are used which at least have woven fibers made of metal or alloys. Wires made of metal can also serve as wires.
  • the composite material particularly preferably has a support, which has at least one fabric made of steel or stainless steel, such as fabric made of steel wires, steel fibers, stainless steel wires or stainless steel fibers by weaving, which preferably has a mesh size of 5 to 500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably mesh sizes of 50 to 500 ⁇ m and very particularly preferably mesh sizes of 70 to 120 ⁇ m
  • the carrier of the composite material can also have at least one expanded metal with a pore size of 5 to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the carrier can also have at least one granular, sintered metal, a sintered glass or a metal fleece with a pore size of 0.1 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 3 to 60 ⁇ m
  • the composite material preferably has a carrier which contains at least aluminum, silicon, cobalt, manganese, zinc, vanadium, molybdenum, indium, lead, bismuth, silver, gold, nickel, copper, iron, titanium, platinum, stainless steel, steel, brass, an alloy of these materials or a material coated with Au, Ag, Pb, Ti, Ni, Cr, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and / or Ti
  • the inorganic component present in the composite material can have at least one compound of at least one metal, semimetal or mixed metal with at least one element from the 3 to 7 main group of the periodic table or at least a mixture of these compounds.
  • the compounds of the metals, semimetals or mixed metals can have at least elements of the subgroup elements and the 3 to 5 main group or at least elements of the subgroup elements or the 3 to 5 main group These compounds have a grain size of 0.001 to 25 ⁇ m.
  • the inorganic component preferably has at least one compound of an element from the 3 to 8 subgroup or at least one element from the 3 to 5 main group with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, Al or B or at least one compound of an element from the 3 to 8 subgroup and at least one element from the 3 to 5 main group with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, 0, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, Al or B or a mixture of these compounds.
  • the inorganic component particularly preferably has at least one compound of at least one of the elements Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, B, AI, Ga, In, TI, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb or Bi with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, C, Si, Ge or Ga, such as Ti0 2 , A1 2 0 3 , Si0 2 , Zr0 2 , Y 2 0 3 , BC, SiC, Fe 3 0 4 , SiN, SiP, nitrides , Sulfates, phosphides, silicides, spinel e or yttrium aluminum garnet, or one of these elements itself
  • the inorganic component can also be aluminosilicates, aluminum phosphates, zeolites or partially exchanged zeolites, such as ZSM-5, Na-ZSM-5 or Fe-ZSM
  • At least one inorganic component is preferably present in a grain size fraction with a grain size of 1 to 250 nm or with a grain size of 260 to 10,000 nm
  • the composite material has at least two grain size fractions of at least one inorganic component.
  • the grain size ratio of the grain size fractions in the composite material is from 1 1 to 1 10000, preferably from 1 1 to 1 100.
  • the quantitative ratio of the grain size fractions in the composite material can preferably be from 0.01 1 to 1 to 0.01
  • the permeability of the composite material according to the invention can be limited by the grain size of the inorganic component used to particles with a certain maximum size
  • the suspension having at least one inorganic component, with which the composite material can be obtained, can have at least one liquid selected from water, alcohol and acid or a combination of these liquids
  • the composite material can have at least one catalytically active component.
  • the catalytically active component can be identical to the inorganic component. This applies in particular if the inorganic component has catalytically active centers on the surface.
  • the composite material preferably has at least one inorganic material, at least as the catalytically active component a metal or at least one organometallic compound, on the surface of which there are catalytically active centers.
  • the composite material particularly preferably has a zeolite as the catalytic component, such as, for example, ZSM-5, Fe-ZSM-5, silicalite or an amorphous microporous mixed oxide such as, for B are described in DE 195 45 042 and / or DE 195 06 843, such as, for example, vanadium oxide-silicon oxide glass or aluminum oxide-silicon oxide-methyl silicon sesquioxide glasses
  • the composite material can also have at least one oxide of at least one of the elements Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba
  • the catalytically active, permeable composite material according to the invention has at least titanium suboxide as the catalytically active component
  • the composite material as a catalytically active component has at least one metal compound selected from the compounds of the metals Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co, or at least one Metal selected from the metals Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co, or at least one Metal selected from the metals Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co
  • the composite material can be made bendable without destroying the inorganic component solidified inside the carrier and on the carrier.
  • the composite material is preferably one smallest radius of up to 1 mm bendable
  • the at least short-term application of an electrical voltage according to the invention is preferably carried out by applying the voltage to the support of the material.
  • the applied voltage can be direct or alternating voltage or a direct voltage which is superimposed on an alternating voltage.
  • the voltage can be applied not only briefly but also via a longer period or during the entire duration of the material separation process
  • the voltage can be applied in such a way that only one pole of a current source is connected to the material or the carrier present in it, or in such a way that both poles of a current source are connected to the material or in it existing carrier is connected.
  • the voltage can be applied periodically, discontinuously or continuously
  • the material can be used as a membrane.
  • This membrane can be used in material separation processes based on the principle of electrolysis or electrodialysis, as well as in material separation processes based on the principle of gas filtration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration or gas vaporation
  • the material or membrane is negatively or positively charged. This can be done, for example, by switching the material or membrane as a cathode or anode
  • the inorganic component in the material can be converted into an electrically conductive component by switching the material as an anode or cathode, so that the material, or if the material is used as a membrane, the membrane is rendered electrically conductive Materials or membranes used those which have at least titanium oxide as an inorganic component in the material
  • the material can be cleaned of impurities that have accumulated on and in the material during the material separation process. It can also be avoided in certain processes that substances are on or in the material or the membrane if the substances have the same charge as the material or the membrane.
  • the material or the membrane can be cleaned during the material separation process or in a cleaning cycle. The cleaning can remove deposits or blockages from the material or the membrane Removal and / or the avoidance of deposits or impurities has the effect that the passage of material and / or the activity of the material or the membrane is retained over a longer period of time. The service life of such permeable materials can thereby be considerably extended
  • Cleaning can take place, for example, in that the material assumes a positive or negative charge and impurities which have the same charge are repelled by the material
  • the material may be advantageous to use as a membrane electrode.
  • This enables the material to be removed from impurities that have been deposited on and in or on or in the material during the material separation process, by gas bubbles which are generated by briefly applying an electrical voltage to the material through decomposition Substance formed on and / or in the material, cleaned For this purpose, the material is switched as a cathode in aqueous systems and when a voltage is applied to the material, gas bubbles are formed in and / or on the material, which predominantly contain hydrogen and / or in the material connected as the anode gas bubbles which predominantly contain oxygen
  • gas bubbles are formed from, for example, carbon dioxide or nitrogen on the material connected as electrodes.
  • This particular embodiment of the method according to the invention described above can be used with all media to be filtered which are electrically conductive or which can be broken down into gaseous components by means of electrolysis.
  • the method according to the invention can also be used if at least one component is present in the filtrate which is can be converted into gaseous components by means of electrolysis
  • the material is heated by applying an electrical voltage. This heating can take place during the material separation process.
  • the material when the material is used as a membrane, the mobility of the particles that are to pass through the membrane is increased of the membrane is increased By an electrically heated material used in this way, the separation performance or the amount of passage can be increased considerably
  • the heating of the material can also take place at regular intervals inside or outside the material separation process. Because the material can withstand high temperatures, depending on its composition, the material that is used as a membrane can be contaminated in this way but deposited on or in the material during the material separation process can be cleaned. Organic or inorganic compounds that block the material used as a membrane can be thermally destroyed or removed by sublimation or liquefaction
  • the method according to the invention can be used for electromicrofiltration, electro-ultrafiltration or electron anofiltration
  • the method according to the invention can also be used for hydrogen-generating operation with simultaneous catalytic reduction or for oxygen-generating operation with simultaneous catalytic oxidation.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for separating substances with different isoelectric points
  • a suspension of 30g titanium tetraisopropylate was hydrolyzed with 60g water and then peptized with 45g sulfuric acid (20%). Then 90g aluminum oxide (A16SG, Alcoa) was added and the mixture was stirred until the agglomerates were completely dissolved 50 ⁇ m applied and dried and solidified at 450 ° C within 2 seconds
  • the composite material thus produced was used as an electrode membrane in an electrolysis When applying an electrical voltage of approx. 2.5 volts to the electrode membrane in a solution of a noble metal, the noble metal was electrolytically deposited in the pores of the composite material.This is only possible through the use of titanium dioxide as an inorganic component in the composite material Formation of titanium suboxide at a voltage of more than 2 volts, which becomes electrically conductive. Graphite electrodes were used as the counter electrode. This means that almost all known noble metal catalysts and noble metal catalyst systems (such as Pt / Rh, Pt / Pd or Pt / Ir ) deposit
  • a suspension of 30 g of titanium tetraisopropylate was hydrolyzed with 60 g of water and then peptized with 45 g of nitric acid (25%).
  • 30 g of titanium dioxide (P25, Degussa) were then added and the mixture was stirred until the agglomerates had completely dissolved.
  • This suspension was applied to a titanium wire mesh with an average mesh size of 80 ⁇ m applied and dried and solidified at 450 ° C within 2 seconds If the composite material produced in this way is connected as a cathode with a graphite anode in a solution of 1% ammonium nitrate in water, the voltage is 2.1 volts within 10 hours the nitrate is almost completely broken down with a current yield of 20%
  • the method according to the invention is therefore well suited for the reduction of nitrate compounds, in particular for nitrate degradation in aqueous systems
  • a suspension of 30 g of titanium tetraisopropylate was hydrolyzed with 60 g of water and then peptized with 45 g of nitric acid (25% strength). Then 70 g of 280 g of alumina CT3000SG were added and stirred until the agglomerates had completely dissolved. This suspension was applied to a titanium wire mesh with a medium Mesh size of 80 ⁇ m applied and dried and solidified at 450 ° C within 5 seconds If the composite material produced in this way is used as a cathode connected with a graphite anode in a flat module, a 10% latex dispersion can be obtained by applying a voltage of 2.5 V. Clear particle size 260 nm in crossflow technique without that latex deposits can be observed on the membrane surface.
  • the membrane is covered with a latex layer after 1 h of filtration.

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for separating mixtures of substances using a material which is pervious to said substances. The use of this material for separating substances comprises briefly applying a voltage on the material, which substantially increases the efficiency of substance separation methods such micro-filtration or ultra-filtration. The material used as a membrane can be purified in different ways by applying a voltage thereto, the separation capacity being thus increased while providing an even cleaning of the membrane. The material used as a membrane can also be heated by applying a voltage thereto so as to increase the transfer of matter through the membrane. This method can be used for separating substances in various gas or liquid mixtures as well as in solutions.

Description

Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen WerkstoffesProcess for the separation of mixtures by means of a permeable material
Beansprucht wird ein Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen WerkstoffesA process for separating mixtures of substances by means of a permeable material is claimed
Das Auftrennen von Stoffgemischen ist ein bei der Produktion verschiedener Stoffe häufig auftretendes Problem Besonders häufig fallen flussige Phasen an, die Feststoffe enthalten Diese Feststoffe, die zum Teil als sehr kleine Feststoffpartikel in den flüssigen Phasen vorliegen müssen häufig aus den Flüssigkeiten entfernt werden, bevor diese weiterverarbeitet werden können Eine solche Trennaufgabe besteht z B in der Getränkeindustrie, in der Safte von feinsten Feststoffbestandteilen getrennt werden sollen oder bei der Reinigung von Abwassern Ebenso kann es vorkommen, daß Flussigkeitsgemische, die zwei Flüssigkeiten unterschiedlicher Molekulgroße aufweisen voneinander getrennt werden müssen Gelingt dies nicht durch Destillation, weil sich z B ein Azeotrop bildet, kann die Trennung z B durch Pervaporation vorgenommen werdenThe separation of mixtures of substances is a common problem in the production of various substances. Liquid phases that contain solids are particularly common. These solids, which are sometimes very small solid particles in the liquid phases, often have to be removed from the liquids before they can be further processed Such a separation task exists, for example, in the beverage industry, in which juices are to be separated from the finest solid constituents or in the purification of waste water.It can also happen that liquid mixtures which have two liquids of different molecular sizes have to be separated from one another If this cannot be done by distillation Because, for example, an azeotrope forms, the separation can be performed, for example, by pervaporation
Zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen werden seit langem Membranen eingesetzt Bei den synthetischen Membranen unterscheidet man zwischen organischen und anorganischen MembranenMembranes have long been used to separate mixtures of substances. Synthetic membranes are divided into organic and inorganic membranes
Üblicherweise werden Membranen aus Kunststoffen oder aus anorganischen Komponenten, wie z B Oxiden, verwendet Bei den bekannten Verfahren bei denen diese Membranen eingesetzt werden, wie z B Elektrolysen oder Filtrationen besteht immer das Problem, daß die Membranen nach relativ kurzer Verwendungszeit verstopfen und der Stoffdurchtritt durch die Membran erheblich verringert wird Die Membranen müssen ausgetauscht und entweder umständlich gereinigt oder entsorgt werdenTypically, membranes made of plastics or inorganic components, such as oxides, are used. In the known processes in which these membranes are used, such as, for example, electrolysis or filtration, there is always the problem that the membranes clog after a relatively short period of use and the material penetrates the membrane is significantly reduced The membranes must be replaced and either laboriously cleaned or disposed of
Bei ausreichend stabilen keramischen Membranen hat sich das Ruckspulprinzip durchgesetzt In periodischen Zeitabstanden wird schlagartig für eine kurze Zeit die Durchflußrichtung umgekehrt, indem von der Ruckseite ein Druckstoß appliziert wird Dieses Prinzip hat jedoch den Nachteil, effektiv nur bei der Flussigfiltration eingesetzt werden zu können, darüber hinaus die Membranen mechanisch stark zu beanspruchen und schließlich doch nur einen Teil der Anbackungen zu entfernenIn the case of sufficiently stable ceramic membranes, the rewinding principle has prevailed. In periodic intervals, the direction of flow is suddenly reversed for a short time by applying a pressure surge from the back. However, this principle has the disadvantage that it can only be used effectively with liquid filtration to stress the membranes mechanically and finally only a part of the Remove caking
In EP 0 165 744, EP 0 380 266 und EP 0 686 420 werden Verfahren beansprucht, die zur Reinigung eines Filters durch Anlegen einer Spannung und Durchfuhren einer Elektrolyse an dem Filter Gasblasen entstehen lassen Die Gasblasen reinigen die Filteroberflache, so daß längere Filterstandzeiten erreicht werdenIn EP 0 165 744, EP 0 380 266 and EP 0 686 420, methods are claimed which allow gas bubbles to be generated for cleaning a filter by applying a voltage and performing electrolysis on the filter. The gas bubbles clean the filter surface, so that longer filter service lives are achieved
Mit den vorgenannten Verfahren gelingt es aber nicht das Innere eines Filters zu reinigen Der Stoffdurchtritt durch den Filter verringert sich deshalb wahrend der Filtration betrachtlichWith the above-mentioned methods, however, it is not possible to clean the inside of a filter. The passage of material through the filter is therefore considerably reduced during the filtration
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen Werkstoffes bereitzustellen, welches die Stofftrennung dadurch verbessert und wirtschaftlicher macht, daß der Stoffdurchtritt durch den Werkstoff verbessert wirdThe present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method for separating substance mixtures by means of a substance-permeable material which improves the substance separation and makes it more economical in that the material passage through the material is improved
Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, daß mit einem Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen Werkstoffes, dadurch, daß an den Werkstoff zumindest kurzzeitig eine elektrische Spannung angelegt wird, die Stofftrennung wesentlich verbessert und wirtschaftlicher vorgenommen werden kannSurprisingly, it was found that with a method for separating mixtures of substances by means of a permeable material, by applying an electrical voltage to the material at least for a short time, the separation of substances can be substantially improved and carried out more economically
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist deshalb ein Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen Werkstoffes, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an den Werkstoff zumindest kurzzeitig eine elektrische Spannung angelegt wirdThe present invention therefore relates to a method for separating mixtures of substances by means of a permeable material, characterized in that an electrical voltage is applied to the material at least briefly
Das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren hat den Vorteil, daß durch Anlegen einer Spannung an den Werkstoff dieser erwärmt werden kann Bei Verwendung des Werkstoffes als Membran wird die Stofftrennung durch die höhere Temperatur in der Membran wesentlich beschleunigt Durch das Erwarmen des Werkstoffes kann außerdem erreicht werden, daß Stoffe die sich wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses in oder auf dem Werkstoff abgelagert haben thermisch zerstört werden Dies kann sowohl wahrend der Stofftrennung als auch in einem Reinigungszyklus geschehen Das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren hat außerdem den Vorteil, daß durch Anlegen einer Spannung an einen stoffdurchlassigen Werkstoff Stoffe von und aus dem als Membran genutzten Werkstoff dadurch entfernt werden können, daß an und in der Membran Gasblasen entstehen, die eine Blockierung der Membran losenThe process according to the invention has the advantage that it can be heated by applying a voltage to the material. When the material is used as a membrane, the material separation is accelerated considerably by the higher temperature in the membrane. The heating of the material can also achieve that the materials have been thermally destroyed in or on the material during the material separation process. This can occur both during the material separation and in a cleaning cycle The method according to the invention also has the advantage that, by applying a voltage to a permeable material, substances can be removed from and from the material used as the membrane by creating gas bubbles on and in the membrane which release the membrane from blocking
Das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren hat zusatzlich den Vorteil, daß durch Anlegen einer Spannung an den Werkstof dieser elektrisch geladen wird Dadurch werden geladene Teilchen, die im zu trennenden Stoffgemisch vorhanden sind und die dieselbe Ladung wie der Werkstoff haben, von dem Werkstoff ferngehalten, wodurch es, in Abhängigkeit von der Porengroße des als Membran verwendeten Werkstoffes, möglich ist, auch Salze bei der Stofftrennung zurückzuhaltenThe inventive method has the additional advantage that by applying a voltage to the material this is electrically charged. Charged particles that are present in the mixture to be separated and have the same charge as the material are kept away from the material, whereby it, in Depending on the pore size of the material used as the membrane, it is also possible to retain salts during material separation
Das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren wird im folgenden beispielhaft beschrieben, ohne daß das Verfahren darauf beschrankt istThe method according to the invention is described below by way of example, without the method being restricted to this
Erfindungsgemaß wird bei dem erfindungsgemaßen Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen Werkstoffes, an diesen Werkstoff zumindest kurzzeitig eine elektrische Spannung angelegtAccording to the invention, in the method according to the invention for the separation of substance mixtures by means of a material which is permeable to matter, an electrical voltage is applied to this material at least for a short time
Als stoffdurchlassiger Werkstoff kann ein stoffdurchlassiger Verbundwerkstoff eingesetzt werdenA permeable composite material can be used as the permeable material
Unter stoffdurchlassigen Verbundwerkstoffen bzw Tragern werden Materialien verstanden, die durchlassig sind für Stoffe mit einer Teilchengroße von 0,5 nm bis 500 μm, je nach Ausfuhrungsform des Verbundwerkstoffes bzw Tragers Die Stoffe können gasformig, flussig oder fest oder in einer Mischform dieser Aggregatzustande vorliegenPermeable composite materials or carriers are understood to mean materials that are permeable to substances with a particle size of 0.5 nm to 500 μm, depending on the embodiment of the composite material or carrier. The substances can be gaseous, liquid or solid or in a mixed form of these aggregate states
Dieser stoffdurchlassige Verbundwerkstoff weist als Basis vorzugsweise zumindest einen durchbrochenen und stoffdurchlassigen Trager auf Auf zumindest einer Oberflache des Tragers und im Inneren des Tragers weist der Trager zumindest eine anorganische Komponente auf, die im wesentlichen zumindest eine Verbindung aus einem Metall, einem Halbmetall oder einem Mischmetall mit zumindest einem Element der 3 bis 7 Hauptgruppe aufweistThis permeable composite material preferably has at least one perforated and permeable carrier as a base. On at least one surface of the carrier and inside the carrier, the carrier has at least one inorganic component which essentially contains at least one compound made of a metal, a semimetal or a mixed metal at least one element from the 3 to 7 main group having
Der stoffdurchlassige Verbundwerkstoff kann durch Aufbringen einer Suspension, die zumindest eine, eine Verbindung zumindest eines Metalls, eines Halbmetalls oder eines Mischmetalls mit zumindest einem Element der 3 bis 7 Hauptgruppe aufweisende, anorganische Komponente und ein Sol aufweist, auf eine durchbrochenen und stoffdurchlassigen Trager, und durch anschließendes, zumindest einmaliges Erwarmen, bei welchem die zumindest eine anorganische Komponente aufweisende Suspension auf oder im oder auf und im Trager verfestigt wird, erhalten werdenThe permeable composite material can be applied to an openwork and permeable carrier by applying a suspension having at least one, a compound of at least one metal, a semimetal or a mixed metal with at least one element of the 3 to 7 main group, and a sol, and by subsequent, at least once heating, in which the suspension having at least one inorganic component is solidified on or in or on and in the carrier
Erfindungsgemaß kann der Verbundwerkstoff für Gase, Feststoffe oder Flüssigkeiten durchlassig sein, insbesondere für Teilchen mit einer Große von 0,5 nm bis 10 μmAccording to the invention, the composite material can be permeable to gases, solids or liquids, in particular to particles with a size of 0.5 nm to 10 μm
Als durchbrochener und stoffdurchlassiger Trager können Trager verwendet werden, die Zwischenräume mit einer Große von 0,02 bis 500 μm, vorzugsweise von 100 bis 500 μm, aufweisen Die verwendeten Trager sind zumindest teilweise elektrisch leitendAs an openwork and permeable carrier, carriers can be used which have spaces with a size of 0.02 to 500 μm, preferably from 100 to 500 μm. The carriers used are at least partially electrically conductive
Die Zwischenräume können Poren, Maschen, Locher, Kristallgitterzwischenraume oder Hohlräume sein Der Trager kann zumindest ein Material, ausgewählt aus Kohlenstoff, Metallen, Legierungen, Glas, Keramiken, Mineralien, Kunststoffen, amorphen Substanzen, Naturprodukten, Verbundstoffen oder aus zumindest einer Kombination dieser Materialien, aufweisen Die Trager, welche die vorgenannten Materialien aufweisen können, können durch eine chemische, thermische oder einer mechanischen Behandlungsmethode oder einer Kombination der Behandlungsmethoden modifiziert worden sein Vorzugsweise weist der Verbundwerkstoff einen Trager, der zumindest ein Metall, eine Naturfaser oder einen Kunststoff aufweist auf, der nach zumindest einer mechanischen Verformungstechnik bzw Behandlungsmethode, wie z B Ziehen, Stauchen, Walken, Walzen, Recken oder Schmieden modifiziert wurde Ganz besonders bevorzugt weist der Verbundwerkstoff zumindest einen Trager, der zumindest verwobene, verklebte, verfilzte oder keramisch gebundene Fasern, oder zumindest gesinterte oder verklebte Formkorper, Kugeln oder Partikel aufweist, auf In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführung kann ein perforierter Trager verwendet werden Stoffdurchlassige Trager können auch solche sein, die durch Laserbehandlung oder Ionenstrahlbehandlung stoffdurchlassig werden oder gemacht worden sindThe spaces can be pores, meshes, holes, crystal lattice spaces or cavities. The carrier can be at least one material selected from carbon, metals, alloys, glass, ceramics, minerals, plastics, amorphous substances, natural products, composite materials or from at least a combination of these materials, The carrier, which may have the aforementioned materials, may have been modified by a chemical, thermal or mechanical treatment method or a combination of the treatment methods. The composite material preferably has a carrier that has at least one metal, a natural fiber or a plastic that after at least one mechanical deformation technique or treatment method, such as pulling, upsetting, milling, rolling, stretching or forging. The composite material particularly preferably has at least one support which at least interweaves, glues, mattes or ke ramisch bound fibers, or at least sintered or glued molded bodies, spheres or particles, in a further preferred embodiment, a perforated carrier can be used. Permeable carriers can also be those that are treated by laser treatment or Ion beam treatment become permeable or have been made
Es kann vorteilhaft sein, wenn der Trager Fasern aus zumindest einem Material, ausgewählt aus Kohlenstoff, Metallen, Legierungen, Keramiken, Glas, Mineralien, Kunststoffen, amorphen Substanzen, Verbundstoffen und Naturprodukten oder Fasern aus zumindest einer Kombination dieser Materialien, wie z B Asbest, Glasfasern, Steinwollfasern, Kohlefasern, Metalldrahte, Stahldrahte, Polyamidfasern, Kokosfasern, beschichtete Fasern, aufweist Vorzugsweise werden Trager verwendet, die zumindest verwobene Fasern aus Metall oder Legierungen aufweisen Als Fasern aus Metall können auch Drahte dienen Ganz besonders bevorzugt weist der Verbundwerkstoff einen Trager auf, der zumindest ein Gewebe aus Stahl oder Edelstahl, wie z B aus Stahldrahten, Stahlfasern, Edelstahldrahten oder Edelstahlfasern durch Weben hergestellte Gewebe, aufweist, welche vorzugsweise eine Maschenweite von 5 bis 500 μm, besonders bevorzugt Maschenweiten von 50 bis 500μm und ganz besonders bevorzugt Maschenweiten von 70 bis 120 μm, aufweisenIt can be advantageous if the carrier fibers from at least one material selected from carbon, metals, alloys, ceramics, glass, minerals, plastics, amorphous substances, composites and natural products or fibers from at least a combination of these materials, such as asbestos, Glass fibers, rock wool fibers, carbon fibers, metal wires, steel wires, polyamide fibers, coconut fibers, coated fibers, preferably supports are used which at least have woven fibers made of metal or alloys. Wires made of metal can also serve as wires. The composite material particularly preferably has a support, which has at least one fabric made of steel or stainless steel, such as fabric made of steel wires, steel fibers, stainless steel wires or stainless steel fibers by weaving, which preferably has a mesh size of 5 to 500 μm, particularly preferably mesh sizes of 50 to 500 μm and very particularly preferably mesh sizes of 70 to 120 μm
Der Trager des Verbundwerkstoffes kann aber auch zumindest ein Streckmetall mit einer Porengroße von 5 bis 500 μm aufweisen Erfindungsgemaß kann der Trager aber auch zumindest ein korniges, gesintertes Metall, ein gesintertes Glas oder ein Metallvlies mit einer Porenweite von 0,1 μm bis 500 μm, vorzugsweise von 3 bis 60 μm, aufweisenHowever, the carrier of the composite material can also have at least one expanded metal with a pore size of 5 to 500 μm. According to the invention, the carrier can also have at least one granular, sintered metal, a sintered glass or a metal fleece with a pore size of 0.1 μm to 500 μm, preferably from 3 to 60 μm
Der Verbundwerkstoff weist vorzugsweise einen Trager auf, der zumindest Aluminium, Silicium, Cobalt, Mangan, Zink, Vanadium, Molybdän, Indium, Blei, Wismuth, Silber, Gold, Nickel, Kupfer, Eisen, Titan, Platin, Edelstahl, Stahl, Messing, eine Legierung aus diesen Materialien oder ein mit Au, Ag, Pb, Ti, Ni, Cr, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru und/oder Ti beschichtetes Material aufweistThe composite material preferably has a carrier which contains at least aluminum, silicon, cobalt, manganese, zinc, vanadium, molybdenum, indium, lead, bismuth, silver, gold, nickel, copper, iron, titanium, platinum, stainless steel, steel, brass, an alloy of these materials or a material coated with Au, Ag, Pb, Ti, Ni, Cr, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and / or Ti
Die im Verbundwerkstoff vorhandene anorganische Komponente kann zumindest eine Verbindung aus zumindest einem Metall, Halbmetall oder Mischmetall mit zumindest einem Element der 3 bis 7 Hauptgruppe des Periodensystems oder zumindest eine Mischung dieser Verbindungen aufweisen Dabei können die Verbindungen der Metalle, Halbmetalle oder Mischmetalle zumindest Elemente der Nebengruppenelemente und der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe oder zumindest Elemente der Nebengruppenelemente oder der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe aufweisen, wobei diese Verbindungen eine Korngroße von 0,001 bis 25 μm aufweisen Vorzugsweise weist die anorganische Komponente zumindest eine Verbindung eines Elementes der 3 bis 8 Nebengruppe oder zumindest eines Elementes der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe mit zumindest einem der Elemente Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, AI oder B oder zumindest eine Verbindung eines Elementes der 3 bis 8 Nebengruppe und zumindest eines Elementes der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe mit zumindest einem der Elemente Te, Se, S, 0, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, AI oder B oder eine Mischung dieser Verbindungen auf Besonders bevorzugt weist die anorganische Komponente zumindest eine Verbindung zumindest eines der Elemente Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, B, AI, Ga, In, TI, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb oder Bi mit zumindest einem der Elemente Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, C, Si, Ge oder Ga, wie z B Ti02, A1203, Si02, Zr02, Y203, BC, SiC, Fe304, SiN, SiP, Nitride, Sulfate, Phosphide, Silicide, Spinelle oder Yttriumaluminiumgranat, oder eines dieser der Elemente selbst auf Die anorganische Komponente kann auch Alumosilicate, Aluminiumphospate, Zeolithe oder partiell ausgetauschte Zeolithe, wie z B ZSM-5, Na-ZSM- 5 oder Fe-ZSM-5 oder amorphe mikroporöse Mischoxide, die bis zu 20 % nicht hydrolisierbare organische Verbindungen enthalten können, wie z B Vanadinoxid- Siliziumoxid-Glas oder Aluminiumoxid-Siliciumoxid-Methylsiliciumsesquioxid-Glaser, aufweisenThe inorganic component present in the composite material can have at least one compound of at least one metal, semimetal or mixed metal with at least one element from the 3 to 7 main group of the periodic table or at least a mixture of these compounds. The compounds of the metals, semimetals or mixed metals can have at least elements of the subgroup elements and the 3 to 5 main group or at least elements of the subgroup elements or the 3 to 5 main group These compounds have a grain size of 0.001 to 25 μm. The inorganic component preferably has at least one compound of an element from the 3 to 8 subgroup or at least one element from the 3 to 5 main group with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, Al or B or at least one compound of an element from the 3 to 8 subgroup and at least one element from the 3 to 5 main group with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, 0, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, Al or B or a mixture of these compounds. The inorganic component particularly preferably has at least one compound of at least one of the elements Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, B, AI, Ga, In, TI, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb or Bi with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, C, Si, Ge or Ga, such as Ti0 2 , A1 2 0 3 , Si0 2 , Zr0 2 , Y 2 0 3 , BC, SiC, Fe 3 0 4 , SiN, SiP, nitrides , Sulfates, phosphides, silicides, spinel e or yttrium aluminum garnet, or one of these elements itself The inorganic component can also be aluminosilicates, aluminum phosphates, zeolites or partially exchanged zeolites, such as ZSM-5, Na-ZSM-5 or Fe-ZSM-5 or amorphous microporous mixed oxides can contain up to 20% non-hydrolyzable organic compounds, such as, for example, vanadium oxide-silicon oxide glass or aluminum oxide-silicon oxide-methyl silicon sesquioxide glasses
Vorzugsweise liegt zumindest eine anorganische Komponente in einer Korngroßenfraktion mit einer Korngroße von 1 bis 250 nm oder mit einer Korngroße von 260 bis 10000 nm vorAt least one inorganic component is preferably present in a grain size fraction with a grain size of 1 to 250 nm or with a grain size of 260 to 10,000 nm
Es kann vorteilhaft sein, wenn der Verbundwerkstoff zumindest zwei Korngroßenfraktionen von zumindest einer anorganischen Komponente aufweist Das Korngroßenverhaltnis der Korngroßenfraktionen im Verbundwerkstoff betragt von 1 1 bis 1 10000, vorzugsweise von 1 1 bis 1 100 Das Mengenverhältnis der Korngroßenfraktionen im Verbundwerkstoff kann vorzugsweise von 0,01 zu 1 bis 1 zu 0,01 betragenIt can be advantageous if the composite material has at least two grain size fractions of at least one inorganic component. The grain size ratio of the grain size fractions in the composite material is from 1 1 to 1 10000, preferably from 1 1 to 1 100. The quantitative ratio of the grain size fractions in the composite material can preferably be from 0.01 1 to 1 to 0.01
Die Stoffdurchlassigkeit des erfindungsgemaßen Verbundwerkstoffes kann durch die Korngroße der verwendeten anorganischen Komponente auf Teilchen mit einer bestimmten maximalen Große begrenzt werden kann Die zumindest eine anorganische Komponente aufweisende Suspension, mit welcher der Verbundwerkstoff erhalten werden kann, kann zumindest eine Flüssigkeit, ausgewählt aus Wasser, Alkohol und Saure oder eine Kombination dieser Flüssigkeiten aufweisenThe permeability of the composite material according to the invention can be limited by the grain size of the inorganic component used to particles with a certain maximum size The suspension having at least one inorganic component, with which the composite material can be obtained, can have at least one liquid selected from water, alcohol and acid or a combination of these liquids
Der Verbundwerkstof kann zumindest eine katalytisch aktive Komponente aufweisen Die katalytisch aktive Komponente kann mit der anorganischen Komponente identisch sein Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn die anorganische Komponente an der Oberflache katalytisch aktive Zentren aufweist Vorzugsweise weist der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest ein anorganisches Material, zumindest ein Metall oder zumindest eine metallorganische Verbindung auf, an deren Oberflache sich katalytisch aktive Zentren befinden Besonders bevorzugt weist der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytische Komponente ein Zeolith, wie z B ZSM-5, Fe-ZSM-5, Silikalit oder ein amorphes mikroporöses Mischoxid wie sie z B in DE 195 45 042 und/oder DE 195 06 843 beschrieben werden, wie z B Vanadinoxid-Siliziumoxid- Glas oder Aluminiumoxid-Siliciumoxid-Methylsiliciumsesquioxid-Glaser, aufThe composite material can have at least one catalytically active component. The catalytically active component can be identical to the inorganic component. This applies in particular if the inorganic component has catalytically active centers on the surface. The composite material preferably has at least one inorganic material, at least as the catalytically active component a metal or at least one organometallic compound, on the surface of which there are catalytically active centers. The composite material particularly preferably has a zeolite as the catalytic component, such as, for example, ZSM-5, Fe-ZSM-5, silicalite or an amorphous microporous mixed oxide such as, for B are described in DE 195 45 042 and / or DE 195 06 843, such as, for example, vanadium oxide-silicon oxide glass or aluminum oxide-silicon oxide-methyl silicon sesquioxide glasses
Der Verbundwerkstoff kann als katalytisch aktive Komponente aber auch zumindest ein Oxid zumindest eines der Elemente Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba aufweisenAs a catalytically active component, however, the composite material can also have at least one oxide of at least one of the elements Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Nb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag, Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba
In einer besonderen Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemaßen, katalytisch aktiven, stoffdurchlassigen Verbundwerkstoff weist dieser als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest Titansuboxid aufIn a particular embodiment of the catalytically active, permeable composite material according to the invention, it has at least titanium suboxide as the catalytically active component
Es kann ebenfalls vorteilhaft sein, wenn der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest ein Metallverbindung, ausgewählt aus den Verbindungen der Metalle Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd und Co, oder zumindest ein Metall, ausgewählt aus den Metallen Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd und Co, aufweistIt can also be advantageous if the composite material as a catalytically active component has at least one metal compound selected from the compounds of the metals Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co, or at least one Metal selected from the metals Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausfuhrungsform des Verbundwerkstoffes kann dieser, ohne Zerstörung der im Inneren des Tragers und auf dem Trager verfestigten anorganischen Komponente, biegbar ausgeführt sein Vorzugsweise ist der Verbundwerkstoff auf einen kleinsten Radius von bis zu 1 mm biegbarIn a particularly preferred embodiment of the composite material, the composite material can be made bendable without destroying the inorganic component solidified inside the carrier and on the carrier. The composite material is preferably one smallest radius of up to 1 mm bendable
Das erfindungsgemaße zumindest kurzfristige Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung erfolgt vorzugsweise durch Anlegen der Spannung an den Trager des Werkstoffes Die angelegte Spannung kann Gleich- oder Wechselspannung oder eine Gleichspannung, der eine Wechselspannung überlagert wird, sein Das Anlegen der Spannung kann nicht nur kurzzeitig erfolgen sondern auch über einen längeren Zeitraum oder wahrend der gesamten Dauer des Stofftrennungsprozesses Das Anlegen der Spannung kann so erfolgen, daß nur ein Pol einer Stromquelle mit dem Werkstoff bzw dem in ihm vorhandenen Trager verbunden wird oder so, daß beide Pole einer Stromquelle mit dem Werkstoff bzw dem in ihm vorhandenen Trager verbunden wird Das Anlegen der Spannung kann periodisch, diskontinuierlich oder kontinuierlich erfolgenThe at least short-term application of an electrical voltage according to the invention is preferably carried out by applying the voltage to the support of the material. The applied voltage can be direct or alternating voltage or a direct voltage which is superimposed on an alternating voltage. The voltage can be applied not only briefly but also via a longer period or during the entire duration of the material separation process The voltage can be applied in such a way that only one pole of a current source is connected to the material or the carrier present in it, or in such a way that both poles of a current source are connected to the material or in it existing carrier is connected. The voltage can be applied periodically, discontinuously or continuously
Der Werkstoff kann als Membran verwendet werden Diese Membran kann sowohl in Stofftrennprozessen verwendet werden, die auf dem Prinzip der Elektrolyse oder Elektrodialyse basieren, als auch in Stofftrennungsprozessen, die auf dem Prinzip der Gasfiltration, Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration, Mikrofiltration oder Gasvaporation beruhenThe material can be used as a membrane.This membrane can be used in material separation processes based on the principle of electrolysis or electrodialysis, as well as in material separation processes based on the principle of gas filtration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration or gas vaporation
Es kann vorteilhaft sein, wenn der Werkstoff bzw die Membran negativ oder positiv geladen ist Dies kann z B dadurch erfolgen, daß der Werkstoff bzw die Membran als Kathode oder Anode geschaltet wirdIt can be advantageous if the material or membrane is negatively or positively charged. This can be done, for example, by switching the material or membrane as a cathode or anode
Die anorganische Komponente im Werkstoff kann durch Schalten des Werkstoffes als Anode oder Kathode in eine elektrisch leitende Komponente überführt werden, so daß der Werkstoff, oder wenn der Werkstoff als Membran eingesetzt wird, die Membran, gut elektrisch leitend gemacht wird Vorzugsweise werden zur Herstellung elektrisch leitender Werkstoffe bzw Membranen solche verwendet, die als anorganische Komponente im Werkstoff zumindest Titanoxid aufweisenThe inorganic component in the material can be converted into an electrically conductive component by switching the material as an anode or cathode, so that the material, or if the material is used as a membrane, the membrane is rendered electrically conductive Materials or membranes used those which have at least titanium oxide as an inorganic component in the material
Es kann außerdem vorteilhaft sein, auf der Oberflache und im Inneren des Werkstoffes durch Anlegen eines elektrischen Feldes oder einer elektrischen Spannung, positive oder negative Ladungen zu erzeugen Erfindungsgemaß kann, durch zumindest kurzzeitiges Anlegen einer Spannung an den Werkstoff, der Werkstoff von Verunreinigungen, die sich auf und in dem Werkstoff wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses abgelagert haben, gereinigt werden Es kann bei bestimmten Verfahren außerdem vermieden werden, daß sich Substanzen auf bzw in dem Werkstoff bzw der Membran ablagern, wenn die Substanzen eine gleichartige Ladung wie der Werkstoff bzw die Membran aufweist Die Reinigung des Werkstoffes bzw der Membran kann wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses oder in einem Reinigungszyklus erfolgen Durch die Reinigung können Ablagerungen oder Verstopfungen vom Werkstoff bzw von der Membran entfernt werden Das Entfernen und/oder das Vermeiden von Ablagerungen bzw Verunreinigungen bewirkt, daß der Stoffdurchtritt und/oder die Aktivität des Werkstoffes bzw der Membran über einen längeren Zeitraum erhalten bleibt Die Standzeiten solcher stoffdurchlassiger Werkstoffe kann dadurch erheblich verlängert werdenIt can also be advantageous to generate positive or negative charges on the surface and inside the material by applying an electrical field or an electrical voltage According to the invention, by at least briefly applying a voltage to the material, the material can be cleaned of impurities that have accumulated on and in the material during the material separation process. It can also be avoided in certain processes that substances are on or in the material or the membrane if the substances have the same charge as the material or the membrane.The material or the membrane can be cleaned during the material separation process or in a cleaning cycle. The cleaning can remove deposits or blockages from the material or the membrane Removal and / or the avoidance of deposits or impurities has the effect that the passage of material and / or the activity of the material or the membrane is retained over a longer period of time. The service life of such permeable materials can thereby be considerably extended
Die Reinigung kann z B dadurch erfolgen, daß der Werkstoff eine positive oder negative Ladung annimmt und Verunreinigungen, die eine gleiche Ladung aufweisen vom Werkstoff abgestoßen werdenCleaning can take place, for example, in that the material assumes a positive or negative charge and impurities which have the same charge are repelled by the material
Es kann vorteilhaft sein, den Werkstoff als Membranelektrode einzusetzen Dadurch kann der Werkstoff von Verunreinigungen, die sich auf und in oder auf oder in dem Werkstoff wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses abgelagert haben, durch Gasblasen, die durch kurzzeitiges Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung an den Werkstoff durch Zersetzung eines Stoffes an und/oder in dem Werkstoff entstehen, gereinigt werden Zu diesem Zweck wird der Werkstoff in wäßrigen Systemen als Kathode geschaltet und bei Anlegen einer Spannung an den Werkstoff entstehen in und/oder an dem Werkstoff Gasblasen die überwiegend Wasserstoff aufweisen In wäßrigen Systemen entstehen an und/oder in dem als Anode geschalteten Werkstoff Gasblasen die überwiegend Sauerstoff aufweisen In organischen Systemen entstehen Gasblasen aus z B Kohlendioxid oder Stickstoff an dem als Elektroden geschalteten Werkstoff Auf diese Weise kann z B das Auftreten von Fouling(-Schichten) auf, an oder in Membranen vermieden werden Als Gegenelektrode können herkömmliche Elektroden verwendet werden Es kann aber auch vorteilhaft sein, den Werkstoff als Membran-Gegenelektrode zu verwenden Dies kann z B dann vorteilhaft sein, wenn nicht nur eine Membran bzw Filter zur Filtration verwendet wird, sondern zumindest zwei Filter Diese können aus Werkstoffen mit gleicher oder verschiedener Porengroße bestehen Wird der eine Filter als Anode und der zweite als Kathode geschaltet, so können durch kurzzeitiges Anlegen einer Spannung beide Filter gleichzeitig gereinigt werden Bei der Verwendung von mehr als zwei Filtern, können die Filter abwechselnd als Kathode oder Anode geschaltet werden Wurden bei der Reinigung explosionsfahige Gemische, wie z B Wasserstof und Sauerstoff, entstehen kann es vorteilhaft sein, die Membranelektroden so anzuordnen, daß die entstehenden Gase getrennt voneinander abgeleitet werden könnenIt may be advantageous to use the material as a membrane electrode.This enables the material to be removed from impurities that have been deposited on and in or on or in the material during the material separation process, by gas bubbles which are generated by briefly applying an electrical voltage to the material through decomposition Substance formed on and / or in the material, cleaned For this purpose, the material is switched as a cathode in aqueous systems and when a voltage is applied to the material, gas bubbles are formed in and / or on the material, which predominantly contain hydrogen and / or in the material connected as the anode gas bubbles which predominantly contain oxygen In organic systems, gas bubbles are formed from, for example, carbon dioxide or nitrogen on the material connected as electrodes. In this way, fouling (layers) can occur on, on or in Membranes are avoided as a counterelect Conventional electrodes can also be used. However, it can also be advantageous to use the material as a membrane counterelectrode. This can be advantageous, for example, if not only one membrane or filter is used for filtration, but at least two filters. These can be made of materials with same or different pore sizes If one filter is connected as an anode and the second as a cathode, both filters can be cleaned at the same time by briefly applying a voltage. If more than two filters are used, the filters can be switched alternately as cathode or anode When cleaning explosive mixtures, such as hydrogen and oxygen, it can be advantageous to arrange the membrane electrodes so that the resulting gases can be discharged separately
Diese oben beschriebene besondere Ausfuhrungsart des erfindungsgemaßen Verfahrens kann bei allen zu filtrierenden Medien eingesetzt werden, die elektrisch leitend sind bzw die sich mittels Elektrolyse in gasformige Bestandteile zerlegen lassen Ebenso kann das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren verwendet werden, wenn im Filtrat zumindest ein Bestandteil vorhanden ist, der sich mittels Elektrolyse in gasformige Bestandteile umwandeln laßtThis particular embodiment of the method according to the invention described above can be used with all media to be filtered which are electrically conductive or which can be broken down into gaseous components by means of electrolysis. The method according to the invention can also be used if at least one component is present in the filtrate which is can be converted into gaseous components by means of electrolysis
Es kann vorteilhaft sein, wenn der Werkstoff durch Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung geheizt wird Dieses Heizen kann wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses erfolgen Durch das Heizen des Werkstoffes wird, wenn der Werkstoff als Membran eingesetzt wird, die Beweglichkeit der Teilchen, die durch die Membran hindurchtreten sollen, in der Membran erhöht Durch einen so eingesetzten elektrisch beheizten Werkstoff laßt sich die Abtrennleistung bzw die Durchtrittsmenge erheblich erhohenIt can be advantageous if the material is heated by applying an electrical voltage. This heating can take place during the material separation process. By heating the material, when the material is used as a membrane, the mobility of the particles that are to pass through the membrane is increased of the membrane is increased By an electrically heated material used in this way, the separation performance or the amount of passage can be increased considerably
Das Heizen des Werkstoffes kann aber auch in regelmäßigen Abstanden innerhalb oder außerhalb des Stofftrennvorganges erfolgen Da der Werkstoff, je nach Zusammensetzung auch hohe Temperaturen aushalt, kann auf diese Weise der Werkstoff, der als Membran eingesetzt wird, von Verunreinigungen, die sich auf und in oder aber auf oder in dem Werkstoff wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses abgelagert haben, gereinigt werden Dabei können organische oder anorganische Verbindungen, die den als Membran eingesetzten Werkstoff verstopfen thermisch zerstört oder durch Sublimation oder Verflüssigung entfernt werdenThe heating of the material can also take place at regular intervals inside or outside the material separation process. Because the material can withstand high temperatures, depending on its composition, the material that is used as a membrane can be contaminated in this way but deposited on or in the material during the material separation process can be cleaned. Organic or inorganic compounds that block the material used as a membrane can be thermally destroyed or removed by sublimation or liquefaction
Es kann sinnvoll sein, einen Werkstoff bzw eine Membran aus dem Stofftrennprozeß zu entfernen und den Werkstoff bzw die Membran zu Reinigungszwecken durch Anlegen einer Spannung oder durch Einwirkung von Hitze von Ablagerungen oder Verunreinigungen zu reinigen Dies kann an Luft, in einem geeigneten Reinigungsmittel oder in einem Elektrolyten erfolgenIt can make sense to remove a material or membrane from the material separation process and to remove the material or membrane from deposits or contaminants for cleaning purposes by applying a voltage or by the action of heat cleaning This can be done in air, in a suitable cleaning agent or in an electrolyte
Das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren kann zur Elektromikrofiltration, Elektroultrafiltration oder Elektronanofiltration verwendet werdenThe method according to the invention can be used for electromicrofiltration, electro-ultrafiltration or electron anofiltration
Ebenso kann das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren zum wasserstofferzeugenden Betrieb mit gleichzeitiger katalytischer Reduktion oder zum sauerstofferzeugenden Betrieb mit gleichzeitiger katalytischer Oxidation verwendet werden Besonders geeignet ist das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren zur Trennung von Stoffen mit unterschiedlichen isoelektrischen PunktenThe method according to the invention can also be used for hydrogen-generating operation with simultaneous catalytic reduction or for oxygen-generating operation with simultaneous catalytic oxidation. The method according to the invention is particularly suitable for separating substances with different isoelectric points
Es kann vorteilhaft sein, bevorzugte Ausführungsarten des erfindungsgemaßen Verfahrens mit zumindest einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsart des erfindungsgemaßen Verfahrens zu kombinieren Ebenso kann es vorteilhaft sein, bevorzugte Ausführungsarten des Verbundwerkstoffes mit zumindest einer weiteren besonderen Ausfuhrungsart oder -form des Verbundwerkstoffes zu kombinieren Dem Fachmann erschließen sich mit Kenntnis der vorliegenden Erfindung weitere Ausführungsarten des erfindungsgemaßen Verfahrens und/oder weitere Verwendungsmöglichkeiten für das erfindungsgemaße VerfahrenIt may be advantageous to combine preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention with at least one further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention. It may also be advantageous to combine preferred embodiments of the composite material with at least one further particular embodiment or form of the composite material of the present invention further embodiments of the method according to the invention and / or further possible uses for the method according to the invention
Das Verfahren wird in den folgenden Beispielen beschrieben, ohne darauf beschrankt zu seinThe process is described in the following examples, without being restricted thereto
Beispiel 1 1Example 1 1
Eine Suspension aus 30g Titantetraisopropylat wurde mit 60g Wasser hydrolysiert und anschließend mit 45g Schwefelsaure (20%ig) peptisiert Anschließend wurden 90g Aluminiumoxid ( A16SG, Alcoa) zugegeben und bis zur vollständigen Losung der Agglomerate gerührt Diese Suspension wurde auf ein Streckmetall mit einer mittleren Maschenweite von 50μm aufgebracht und bei 450 °C innerhalb von 2 Sekunden getrocknet und verfestigtA suspension of 30g titanium tetraisopropylate was hydrolyzed with 60g water and then peptized with 45g sulfuric acid (20%). Then 90g aluminum oxide (A16SG, Alcoa) was added and the mixture was stirred until the agglomerates were completely dissolved 50μm applied and dried and solidified at 450 ° C within 2 seconds
Der so hergestellte Verbundwerkstoff wurde als Elektrodenmembran in einer Elektrolyse eingesetzt Bei Anlegung einer elektrischen Spannung von ca 2,5 Volt an die in einer Losung eines Edelmetalles befindliche Elektrodenmembran fand eine elektrolytische Abscheidung des Edelmetalls in den Poren des Verbundwerkstoffes statt Dies ist nur durch die Nutzung des Titandioxid als anorganische Komponente im Verbundwerkstoff möglich, da durch Bildung von Titansuboxid bei einer Spannung von mehr als 2 Volt dieses elektrisch leitend wird Als Gegenelektrode wurden Graphitelektroden verwendet Hierdurch lassen sich nahezu alle bekannten Edelmetall-Katalysatoren und Edelmetall-Katalysator-Systeme (wie z B Pt/Rh, Pt/Pd oder Pt/ Ir) abscheidenThe composite material thus produced was used as an electrode membrane in an electrolysis When applying an electrical voltage of approx. 2.5 volts to the electrode membrane in a solution of a noble metal, the noble metal was electrolytically deposited in the pores of the composite material.This is only possible through the use of titanium dioxide as an inorganic component in the composite material Formation of titanium suboxide at a voltage of more than 2 volts, which becomes electrically conductive. Graphite electrodes were used as the counter electrode. This means that almost all known noble metal catalysts and noble metal catalyst systems (such as Pt / Rh, Pt / Pd or Pt / Ir ) deposit
Beispiel 1 2Example 1 2
Eine Suspension aus 30g Titantetraisopropylat wurde mit 60g Wasser hydrolysiert und danach mit 45g Salpetersaure (25%ig) peptisiert Anschließend wurden 30g Titandioxid (P25, Degussa) zugegeben und bis zur vollständigen Losung der Agglomerate gerührt Diese Suspension wurde auf eine Titandrahtnetz mit einer mittleren Maschenweite von 80μm aufgebracht und bei 450 °C innerhalb von 2 Sekunden getrocknet und verfestigt Taucht man den so hergestellten Verbundwerkstoff als Kathode geschaltet mit einer Graphitanode in eine Losung aus 1% Ammoniumnitrat in Wasser, so wird bei einer Spannung von 2,1 Volt innerhalb von 10 Stunden das Nitrat bei einer Stromausbeute von 20% nahezu vollständig abgebautA suspension of 30 g of titanium tetraisopropylate was hydrolyzed with 60 g of water and then peptized with 45 g of nitric acid (25%). 30 g of titanium dioxide (P25, Degussa) were then added and the mixture was stirred until the agglomerates had completely dissolved. This suspension was applied to a titanium wire mesh with an average mesh size of 80μm applied and dried and solidified at 450 ° C within 2 seconds If the composite material produced in this way is connected as a cathode with a graphite anode in a solution of 1% ammonium nitrate in water, the voltage is 2.1 volts within 10 hours the nitrate is almost completely broken down with a current yield of 20%
Das erfindungsgemaße Verfahren eignet sich also gut zur Reduktion von Nitratverbindungen, insbesondere zum Nitratabbau in wäßrigen SystemenThe method according to the invention is therefore well suited for the reduction of nitrate compounds, in particular for nitrate degradation in aqueous systems
Beispiel 1 3Example 1 3
Eine Suspension aus 30g Titantetraisopropylat wurde mit 60g Wasser hydrolysiert und danach mit 45g Salpetersaure (25%ig) peptisiert Anschließend wurden 70g 280g Aluminiumoxid des Typs CT3000SG der Fa Alcoa zugegeben und bis zur vollständigen Losung der Agglomerate gerührt Diese Suspension wurde auf eine Titandrahtnetz mit einer mittleren Maschenweite von 80μm aufgebracht und bei 450 °C innerhalb von 5 Sekunden getrocknet und verfestigt Verwendet man den so hergestellten Verbundwerkstoff als Kathode geschaltet mit einer Graphitanode in einem Flachmodul, so laßt sich bei Anlegen einer Spannung von 2,5 V eine 10%ige Latexdispersion der Teilchengroße 260 nm in Crossflow-Technik klarfiltrieren, ohne daß Ablagerungen des Latex auf der Membranoberfläche zu beobachten sind.A suspension of 30 g of titanium tetraisopropylate was hydrolyzed with 60 g of water and then peptized with 45 g of nitric acid (25% strength). Then 70 g of 280 g of alumina CT3000SG were added and stirred until the agglomerates had completely dissolved. This suspension was applied to a titanium wire mesh with a medium Mesh size of 80μm applied and dried and solidified at 450 ° C within 5 seconds If the composite material produced in this way is used as a cathode connected with a graphite anode in a flat module, a 10% latex dispersion can be obtained by applying a voltage of 2.5 V. Clear particle size 260 nm in crossflow technique without that latex deposits can be observed on the membrane surface.
Wird der gleiche Versuch ohne Anlegen einer Spannung wiederholt, ist nach 1 h Filtrationszeit die Membran mit einer Latexschicht überzogen. If the same experiment is repeated without applying voltage, the membrane is covered with a latex layer after 1 h of filtration.

Claims

Patentansprüche:Claims:
1 Verfahren zur Auftrennung von Stoffgemischen mittels eines stoffdurchlassigen Werkstoffes, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an den Werkstoff zumindest kurzzeitig eine elektrische Spannung angelegt wird1 Method for the separation of mixtures by means of a permeable material, characterized in that an electrical voltage is applied to the material at least briefly
2 Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff ein stoffdurchlassiger Verbundwerkstoff auf Basis zumindest eines durchbrochenen und stoffdurchlassigen Tragers, der auf zumindest einer Seite des Tragers und im Inneren des Tragers zumindest eine anorganische Komponente aufweist, die im wesentlichen zumindest eine Verbindung aus einem Metall, einem Halbmetall oder einem Mischmetall mit zumindest einem Element der 3 bis 7 Hauptgruppe aufweist, ist2 The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the material is a permeable composite material based on at least one openwork and permeable carrier, which has at least one inorganic component on at least one side of the carrier and inside the carrier, which essentially has at least one compound of a Metal, a semimetal or a mixed metal with at least one element of the 3 to 7 main group is
3 Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff für Gase, Feststoffe oder Flüssigkeiten durchlassig ist3 The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the composite material is permeable to gases, solids or liquids
4 Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff für Teilchen mit einer Große von 0,5 nm bis 10 μm durchlassig ist4 The method according to at least one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the composite material is permeable to particles with a size of 0.5 nm to 10 microns
5 Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der durchbrochene und stoffdurchlassige Trager Zwischenräume mit einer Große von 0,02 bis 500 μm aufweist5 The method according to at least one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the openwork and permeable carrier has spaces with a size of 0.02 to 500 microns
6 Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest ein Material, ausgewählt aus Kohlenstoff, Metallen, Legierungen,6. The method according to at least one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the carrier at least one material selected from carbon, metals, alloys,
Keramiken, Glas, Mineralien, Kunststoffen, amorphen Substanzen, Naturprodukten, Verbundstoffen oder aus zumindest einer Kombination dieser Materialien, aufweistCeramics, glass, minerals, plastics, amorphous substances, natural products, composite materials or from at least a combination of these materials
7 Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager mit zumindest einer Methode, ausgewählt aus thermischer, mechanischer und chemischer Behandlung oder einer Kombination dieser Behandlungsarten modifiziert wurde Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest ein Metall oder eine Naturfaser oder einen Kunststoff aufweist und nach zumindest einer mechanischen Verformungstechnik ausgewählt aus Ziehen, Stauchen, Walzen, Recken und Schmieden modifiziert wurde7. The method according to at least one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the carrier was modified with at least one method selected from thermal, mechanical and chemical treatment or a combination of these types of treatment Method according to at least one of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that the carrier has at least one metal or a natural fiber or a plastic and was modified according to at least one mechanical deformation technique selected from drawing, upsetting, rolling, stretching and forging
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest verwobene, verfilzte oder keramisch gebundene Fasern, oder zumindest gesinterte Kugeln oder Partikel aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that the carrier has at least interwoven, matted or ceramic-bound fibers, or at least sintered balls or particles
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager perforiert istMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 9, characterized in that the carrier is perforated
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der stoffdurchlassige Trager durch Laserbehandlung oder Ionenstrahlbehandlung stoffdurchlassig gemacht wurdeMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 10, characterized in that the permeable support has been made permeable by laser treatment or ion beam treatment
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager Fasern aus zumindest einem Material, ausgewählt aus Kohlenstoff, Metallen, Legierungen, Keramiken, Glas, Mineralien, Kunststoffen, amorphen Substanzen, Verbundstoffen und Naturprodukten oder Fasern aus zumindest einer Kombination dieserMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 11, characterized in that the carrier fibers from at least one material selected from carbon, metals, alloys, ceramics, glass, minerals, plastics, amorphous substances, composites and natural products or fibers from at least one combination this
Materialien aufweistHas materials
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest verwobene Fasern aus Metall oder Legierungen aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 12, characterized in that the carrier has at least woven fibers made of metal or alloys
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest ein Gewebe aus Stahl aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 13, characterized in that the carrier has at least one fabric made of steel
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest ein Gewebe oder ein Streckmetall mit einer Maschenweite von 5 bis 500 μm aufweist Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest teilweise elektrisch leitend istMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 14, characterized in that the carrier has at least one fabric or expanded metal with a mesh size of 5 to 500 microns Method according to at least one of claims 2 to 15, characterized in that the carrier is at least partially electrically conductive
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager ein gesintertes Metall, ein Sinterglas oder ein Metallvlies mit Porenweiten von 0, 1 bis 500 μm aufweistMethod according to at least one of Claims 2 to 16, characterized in that the carrier has a sintered metal, a sintered glass or a metal fleece with pore sizes of 0.1 to 500 μm
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Trager zumindest Aluminium, Silicium, Cobalt, Mangan, Zink, Vanadium, Molybdän, Indium, Blei, Wismuth, Silber, Gold, Nickel, Kupfer, Eisen, Titan, Platin, Edelstahl, Stahl oder Messing oder eine Legierung aus diesen Materialien oder ein mit Au, Ag, Pb, Ti, Ni, Cr, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru und/oder Ti beschichtetes Material aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 17, characterized in that the carrier at least aluminum, silicon, cobalt, manganese, zinc, vanadium, molybdenum, indium, lead, bismuth, silver, gold, nickel, copper, iron, titanium, platinum , Stainless steel, steel or brass or an alloy of these materials or a material coated with Au, Ag, Pb, Ti, Ni, Cr, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and / or Ti
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 18, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die aus zumindest einer Verbindung aus zumindest einem Metall, Halbmetall oder Mischmetall mit zumindest einem Element der 3 bis 7 Hauptgruppe oder zumindest einer Mischung dieser Verbindungen bestehende anorganische Komponente zumindest eine Verbindung der Nebengruppenelemente und der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe oder zumindest ein Verbindung der Nebengruppenelemente und zumindest eine Verbindung der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe aufweist, wobei die Verbindungen eine Korngroße von 0,01 bis 25 μm aufweisenMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 18, characterized in that the inorganic component consisting of at least one compound of at least one metal, semimetal or mixed metal with at least one element from the 3 to 7 main group or at least a mixture of these compounds comprises at least one compound of the subgroup elements and the 3 to 5 main group or at least one compound of the subgroup elements and at least one compound of the 3 to 5 main group, the compounds having a grain size of 0.01 to 25 μm
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die eine Verbindung aus zumindest einem Metall, zumindest einem Halbmetall oder zumindest einem Mischmetall mit zumindest einem Element der 3 bis 7 Hauptgruppe oder einer Mischungen dieser Verbindungen aufweisende anorganische Komponente, zumindest eineMethod according to at least one of Claims 2 to 19, characterized in that the inorganic component comprising a compound of at least one metal, at least one semimetal or at least one mixed metal with at least one element from the 3 to 7 main group or a mixture of these compounds, at least one
Verbindung eines Elementes der 3 bis 8 Nebengruppe oder zumindest eines Elementes der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe mit zumindest einem der Elemente Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, AI oder B oder zumindest eine Verbindung eines Elementes der 3 bis 8 Nebengruppe und zumindest eines Elementes der 3 bis 5 Hauptgruppe mit zumindest einem der Elemente Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, AI oder B oder eineConnection of an element of the 3 to 8 subgroup or at least one element of the 3 to 5 main group with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, Al or B or at least one connection of an element from subgroup 3 to 8 and at least one element from main group 3 to 5 with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, Ge, Si, C, Ga, Al or B or one
Mischung dieser Verbindungen aufweist Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 20, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die anorganische Komponente zumindest eine Verbindung zumindest eines der Elemente Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, B, AI, In, TI, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb oder Bi mit zumindest einem der Elemente Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, C, oder Ga oder zumindest eines dieser Elemente aufweistMixture of these compounds Method according to at least one of claims 2 to 20, characterized in that the inorganic component at least one compound of at least one of the elements Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, B, Al, In, TI, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb or Bi with at least one of the elements Te, Se, S, O, Sb, As, P, N, C, or Ga or at least one of these elements
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die anorganische Komponente Alumosilicate, Aluminiumphosphate, Zeolithe oder partiell modifizierte Zeolithe aufweistProcess according to at least one of claims 2 to 21, characterized in that the inorganic component comprises aluminosilicates, aluminum phosphates, zeolites or partially modified zeolites
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 22, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die anorganische Komponente amorphe mikroporöse Mischoxide, die bis zu 20 % nicht hydrolisierbare organische Verbindungen enthalten können, aufweistProcess according to at least one of Claims 2 to 22, characterized in that the inorganic component has amorphous microporous mixed oxides which can contain up to 20% non-hydrolyzable organic compounds
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 23, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff zumindest zwei Korngroßenfraktionen von zumindest einer anorganischen Komponente aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 23, characterized in that the composite material has at least two grain size fractions of at least one inorganic component
Verfahren nach Anspruch 24, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Korngroßenfraktionen im Verbundwerkstoff ein Korngroßenverhaltnis von 1 1 bis 1 100 aufweistA method according to claim 24, characterized in that the grain size fractions in the composite material have a grain size ratio of 1 1 to 1 100
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 24 oder 25, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff ein Mengenverhältnis der Korngroßenfraktionen von 0,01 zu 1 bis 1 zu 0,01 aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 24 or 25, characterized in that the composite material has a quantitative ratio of the grain size fractions from 0.01 to 1 to 1 to 0.01
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 26, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stoffdurchlassigkeit des Verbundwerkstoffes durch die Korngroße der verwendeten anorganischen Komponente auf Teilchen mit einer bestimmten maximalen Große begrenzt werden kannMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 26, characterized in that the permeability of the composite material can be limited to particles of a certain maximum size by the grain size of the inorganic component used
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 27, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zumindest eine anorganische Komponente aufweisende Suspension zumindest eine Flüssigkeit, ausgewählt aus Wasser, Alkohol und Saure oder eine Kombination dieser Flüssigkeiten aufweistMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 27, characterized in that the suspension having at least one inorganic component has at least one Liquid selected from water, alcohol and acid or a combination of these liquids
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 28, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest ein anorganischesMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 28, characterized in that the composite material as a catalytically active component at least one inorganic
Material, zumindest ein Metall oder zumindest eine metallorganische Verbindung aufweist, an deren Oberflache sich katalytisch aktive Zentren befindenHas material, at least one metal or at least one organometallic compound, on the surface of which there are catalytically active centers
Verfahren nach Anspruch 29, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytische Komponente ein Zeolith, Silikalit oder ein amorphes mikroporöses Mischoxid aufweistA method according to claim 29, characterized in that the composite material has a zeolite, silicalite or an amorphous microporous mixed oxide as the catalytic component
Verfahren nach Anspruch 29, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest ein Oxid zumindest eines der Elemente Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Mb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag,A method according to claim 29, characterized in that the composite material as a catalytically active component at least one oxide of at least one of the elements Mo, Sn, Zn, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, As, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ru, Re, Cr, W, Mb, Hf, La, Ce, Gd, Ga, In, TI, Ag,
Cu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba aufweistCu, Li, K, Na, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba
Verfahren nach Anspruch 29, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest Titansuboxid aufweistA method according to claim 29, characterized in that the composite material has at least titanium suboxide as the catalytically active component
Verfahren nach Anspruch 29, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest ein Metallverbindung, ausgewählt aus den Verbindungen der Metalle Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Ce, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd und Co, aufweistA method according to claim 29, characterized in that the composite material as a catalytically active component at least one metal compound selected from the compounds of the metals Pt, Rh, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Ce, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co , having
Verfahren nach Anspruch 29, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff" als katalytisch aktive Komponente zumindest ein Metall, ausgewählt aus den Metallen Pt, Rh, Ce, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd und Co, aufweistA method according to claim 29, characterized in that the composite material " as a catalytically active component at least one metal selected from the metals Pt, Rh, Ce, Ru, Ir, Au, Ag, Os, Re, Cu, Ni, Pd and Co, having
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 34, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff elektrisch leitend ist Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 35, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff biegbar istMethod according to at least one of claims 2 to 34, characterized in that the composite material is electrically conductive Method according to at least one of claims 2 to 35, characterized in that the composite material is bendable
Verfahren nach Anspruch 36, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbundwerkstoff" auf einen kleinsten Radius von bis zu 1 mm biegbar istMethod according to claim 36, characterized in that the composite material "can be bent to a smallest radius of up to 1 mm
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 37, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff als Membran verwendet wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 37, characterized in that the material is used as a membrane
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 38, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff negativ geladen istMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 38, characterized in that the material is negatively charged
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 39, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff positiv geladen istMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 39, characterized in that the material is positively charged
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 40, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff als Kathode geschaltet wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 40, characterized in that the material is switched as a cathode
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 41, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff als Anode geschaltet wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 41, characterized in that the material is switched as an anode
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 41 oder 42, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die anorganische Komponente im Werkstoff durch Schalten des Werkstoffes als Elektrode in eine elektrisch leitende Komponente überführt wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 41 or 42, characterized in that the inorganic component in the material is converted into an electrically conductive component as an electrode by switching the material
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 43, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß auf der Oberflache des Werkstoffes durch Anlegen eines elektrischen Feldes positive oder negative Ladungen erzeugt werdenMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 43, characterized in that positive or negative charges are generated on the surface of the material by applying an electrical field
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 44, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff von Verunreinigungen, die sich auf und in dem Werkstoff wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses Stoffe abgelagert haben, durch kurzzeitiges Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung an den Werkstoff gereinigt wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 44, characterized in that the material of impurities which have deposited on and in the material during the material separation process by briefly applying an electrical Tension on the material is cleaned
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 45, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff als Membranelektrode eingesetzt wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 45, characterized in that the material is used as a membrane electrode
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 46, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff von Verunreinigungen, die sich auf und in oder aber auf oder in dem Werkstoff wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses abgelagert haben, durch Gasblasen, die durch kurzzeitiges Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung an den Werkstoff durch Zersetzung eines Stoffes entstehen, gereinigt wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 46, characterized in that the material of impurities which have been deposited on and in or on or in the material during the material separation process by gas bubbles caused by briefly applying an electrical voltage to the material caused by decomposition of a substance, is cleaned
Verfahren nach Anspruch 47, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in wäßrigen Systemen an und im oder aber an oder in dem als Kathode geschalteten Werkstoff Gasblasen aus Wasserstoff entstehenA method according to claim 47, characterized in that gas bubbles are formed from hydrogen in aqueous systems on and in or on or in the material connected as the cathode
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 47 oder 48, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in wäßrigen Systemen an und im oder aber an oder in dem als Anode geschalteten Werkstoff Gasblasen aus Sauerstoff entstehenMethod according to at least one of claims 47 or 48, characterized in that gas bubbles are formed from oxygen in aqueous systems on and in or in or on the material connected as an anode
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 47 bis 48, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in organischen Systemen Gasblasen aus Kohlendioxid oder Stickstoff an oder in oder aber an und in dem als Elektroden geschalteten Werkstoff entstehenProcess according to at least one of claims 47 to 48, characterized in that gas bubbles of carbon dioxide or nitrogen are formed in or in or on and in the material connected as electrodes in organic systems
Verfahren nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 50, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff" durch Anlegen eines elektrischen Stroms geheizt wirdMethod according to at least one of claims 1 to 50, characterized in that the material " is heated by applying an electric current
Verfahren nach Anspruch 51, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff durch Heizen von Verunreinigungen, die sich auf und in oder auf oder in dem Werkstoff wahrend des Stofftrennprozesses abgelagert haben, gereinigt wirdA method according to claim 51, characterized in that the material is cleaned by heating contaminants which have been deposited on and in or on or in the material during the material separation process
Verwendung eines Verfahrens gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 52 zur Elektromikrofiltration, Elektroultrafiltration oder Elektronanofiltration Verwendung eines Verfahrens gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 52 zum wasserstofferzeugenden Betrieb mit gleichzeitiger katalytischer ReduktionUse of a method according to one of claims 1 to 52 for electromicrofiltration, electro-ultrafiltration or electron anofiltration Use of a method according to one of claims 1 to 52 for hydrogen-producing operation with simultaneous catalytic reduction
Verwendung eines Verfahrens gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 52 zum sauerstofferzeugenden Betrieb mit gleichzeitiger katalytischer OxidationUse of a method according to one of claims 1 to 52 for oxygen-generating operation with simultaneous catalytic oxidation
Verwendung eines Verfahrens gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 52 zur Trennung von Stoffen mit unterschiedlichen isoelektrischen Punkten Use of a method according to one of claims 1 to 52 for the separation of substances with different isoelectric points
EP98950049A 1997-09-20 1998-09-18 Method for separating mixtures of substances using a material pervious to said substances Withdrawn EP0959981A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19741498 1997-09-20
DE1997141498 DE19741498B4 (en) 1997-09-20 1997-09-20 Production of a ceramic stainless steel mesh composite
DE19811708 1998-03-18
DE19811708A DE19811708B4 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-03-18 Production of ceramic membranes
DE19812035 1998-03-19
DE19812035A DE19812035B4 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-03-19 Production of catalytically active, ceramic membranes
DE19820580 1998-05-08
DE19820580A DE19820580B4 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-05-08 Regenerable diesel exhaust filter
DE19824666A DE19824666B4 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-06-03 Production and use of a ceramic-metal carrier composite
DE19824666 1998-06-03
PCT/EP1998/005937 WO1999015260A1 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-09-18 Method for separating mixtures of substances using a material pervious to said substances

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EP98948988A Expired - Lifetime EP0951355B1 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-09-18 Method for producing catalytically active permeable composite material
EP19980952595 Expired - Lifetime EP0946270B1 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-09-18 Permeable composite material, method for producing said composite material, and use of the same
EP98951432A Withdrawn EP0939669A1 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-09-18 Gas filter, method for producing a gas filter and use of said gas filter

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EP98951432A Withdrawn EP0939669A1 (en) 1997-09-20 1998-09-18 Gas filter, method for producing a gas filter and use of said gas filter

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US (6) US6299668B1 (en)
EP (4) EP0959981A1 (en)
AT (2) ATE297247T1 (en)
CA (4) CA2272312C (en)
DE (3) DE19741498B4 (en)
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