US20120058463A1 - Hydrophobic, functionalized particles - Google Patents
Hydrophobic, functionalized particles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20120058463A1 US20120058463A1 US13/225,046 US201113225046A US2012058463A1 US 20120058463 A1 US20120058463 A1 US 20120058463A1 US 201113225046 A US201113225046 A US 201113225046A US 2012058463 A1 US2012058463 A1 US 2012058463A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- optionally functionalized
- general formula
- tert
- modified
- independently
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 title description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- -1 polysiloxanes Polymers 0.000 claims description 354
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000000923 (C1-C30) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000006735 (C1-C20) heteroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000739 C2-C30 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003358 C2-C20 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010792 electronic scrap Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002888 zwitterionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 69
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 38
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 15
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 13
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 13
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 9
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 7
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 101000801643 Homo sapiens Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA4 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical class CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 102100033617 Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA4 Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000005066 dodecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 6
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical class CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000003229 2-methylhexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical group NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930194542 Keto Natural products 0.000 description 4
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 150000005347 biaryls Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000004369 butenyl group Chemical group C(=CCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000000480 butynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000001047 cyclobutenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCC1)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000002433 cyclopentenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCC1)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000000298 cyclopropenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000003493 decenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000005070 decynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C#C* 0.000 description 4
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000004404 heteroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000006038 hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005980 hexynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000004491 isohexyl group Chemical group C(CCC(C)C)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000000555 isopropenyl group Chemical group [H]\C([H])=C(\*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000004370 n-butenyl group Chemical group [H]\C([H])=C(/[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005187 nonenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000005071 nonynyl group Chemical group C(#CCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000004365 octenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000005069 octynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C#C* 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000002255 pentenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000005981 pentynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000002568 propynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000005065 undecenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 4
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000006710 (C2-C12) alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000006711 (C2-C12) alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910002547 FeII Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002553 FeIII Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 238000007885 magnetic separation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002444 silanisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
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- JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxidane Chemical compound OOO JSPLKZUTYZBBKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 0 *[Si]([3*])([4*])OC.C.C.C Chemical compound *[Si]([3*])([4*])OC.C.C.C 0.000 description 2
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UPOMCDPCTBJJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]propane Chemical compound CC(C)COC(C)(C)C UPOMCDPCTBJJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JSOZORWBKQSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[ethoxy(dimethyl)silyl]propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(C)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C JSOZORWBKQSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910008051 Si-OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006358 Si—OH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- NJGCRMAPOWGWMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N octylphosphonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCP(O)(O)=O NJGCRMAPOWGWMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanol Chemical compound [SiH3]O SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UWSYCPWEBZRZNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CC(C)CC(C)(C)C UWSYCPWEBZRZNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IDXCKOANSQIPGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (acetyloxy-ethenyl-methylsilyl) acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C=C)OC(C)=O IDXCKOANSQIPGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVDJGAZWLUJOJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-ethenylphenyl)ethyl-trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C(C)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 ZVDJGAZWLUJOJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LJNFZEBTNPLCMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyclohex-3-en-1-ylethyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCC1CCC=CC1 LJNFZEBTNPLCMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZMNXXQIQIHFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[dimethoxy(methyl)silyl]propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C LZMNXXQIQIHFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URDOJQUSEUXVRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-triethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C URDOJQUSEUXVRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUEWCQRISZBELL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropane-1-thiol Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCS UUEWCQRISZBELL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBQVDAIIQCXKPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C=C KBQVDAIIQCXKPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005789 ACRONAL® acrylic binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000589968 Borrelia Species 0.000 description 1
- INKCTMQFRXECPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N CCO[Si](CCCN(CCOCCOCCOC)C(=O)O)(OCC)OCC Chemical compound CCO[Si](CCCN(CCOCCOCCOC)C(=O)O)(OCC)OCC INKCTMQFRXECPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 208000016604 Lyme disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NOZAQBYNLKNDRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N [diacetyloxy(ethenyl)silyl] acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)O[Si](OC(C)=O)(OC(C)=O)C=C NOZAQBYNLKNDRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NWIUMRAXKGCRIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [dimethyl(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]oxy-dimethyl-[2-[tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silyl]ethyl]silane Chemical compound COCCO[Si](OCCOC)(OCCOC)CC[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C NWIUMRAXKGCRIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- TUZCOAQWCRRVIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N butoxymethanedithioic acid Chemical compound CCCCOC(S)=S TUZCOAQWCRRVIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PKTOVQRKCNPVKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxy(methyl)silicon Chemical compound CO[Si](C)OC PKTOVQRKCNPVKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- SCPWMSBAGXEGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC SCPWMSBAGXEGPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052971 enargite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C=C NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEHYCIQPPPQNMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triphenoxy)silane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1O[Si](OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=C)OC1=CC=CC=C1 FEHYCIQPPPQNMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBGQQKKTDDNCSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-diethoxy-methylsilane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(C=C)OCC MBGQQKKTDDNCSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MABAWBWRUSBLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-tri(propan-2-yloxy)silane Chemical compound CC(C)O[Si](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)C=C MABAWBWRUSBLKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WOXXJEVNDJOOLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane Chemical compound COCCO[Si](OCCOC)(OCCOC)C=C WOXXJEVNDJOOLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYFMAHYLCRSUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-tris(2-methylpropoxy)silane Chemical compound CC(C)CO[Si](OCC(C)C)(OCC(C)C)C=C DYFMAHYLCRSUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GBFVZTUQONJGSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-tris(prop-1-en-2-yloxy)silane Chemical compound CC(=C)O[Si](OC(C)=C)(OC(C)=C)C=C GBFVZTUQONJGSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQRPSOKLSZSNAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl-tris[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O[Si](OC(C)(C)C)(OC(C)(C)C)C=C BQRPSOKLSZSNAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000006454 hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000283 hepatitis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- CZWLNMOIEMTDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC CZWLNMOIEMTDJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002122 magnetic nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SLYCYWCVSGPDFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyltrimethoxysilane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC SLYCYWCVSGPDFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002042 time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- RKLXSINPXIQKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(oct-7-enyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCCCCC=C RKLXSINPXIQKIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMEPHPOFYLLFTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(octyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC NMEPHPOFYLLFTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFRDHGNFBLIJIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(prop-2-enyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CC=C LFRDHGNFBLIJIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(propyl)silane Chemical compound CCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOCC1CO1 BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PDSVZUAJOIQXRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(octadecyl)azanium Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C PDSVZUAJOIQXRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
- C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
- H01F1/0045—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use
- H01F1/0054—Coated nanoparticles, e.g. nanoparticles coated with organic surfactant
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
- C07B2200/11—Compounds covalently bound to a solid support
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound selected from among silicon-comprising compounds bearing one, two or three alkoxy radicals and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof, the use of these particles in systems in which they are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500, and also the use of these particles in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
- Metal oxide and/or semimetal oxide particles which are functionalized on the surface by means of silicon-comprising compounds are known from the prior art.
- WO 2009/059382 A1 discloses, for example, hydrophobic modification of mineral fillers and mixed polymer systems. According to this document, hydrophobic modification is effected by reaction of the corresponding mineral particles with silanes, for example C 3 -C 12 -alkyltrialkoxy silanes. That the correspondingly hydrophobically modified particles according to WO 2009/059382 A1 are particularly stable in large amounts of solvents, optionally in the presence of surface-active substances, is not disclosed in this document.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 9 , R 10 , a, b, m and n have the following meanings:
- polysiloxanes according to general formula (II) are polysiloxanes comprising units of general formula (II).
- the bonding is therein conducted via the *marked bonding respectively via a valid bonding at the Si-atom.
- the present invention further relates to a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semi-metal oxide particles with at least one compound of general formula (I)
- R 1 , R 2 and n have the following meanings:
- R 1 and R 2 independently of one another have the above-mentioned meanings and m is independently of one another 0, 1, 2 or 3
- R 2 in the compound of general formula (I) has several times, for example more than once, the meaning of a group of general formula (IIa), corresponding compounds are present, comprising 2, 3, 4 or more units with Si-atoms. According to this, in the case, that in general formula (I) R 2 is several times a group of general formula (IIa), polysiloxanes are present, corresponding to general formula (II).
- the object is achieved by the use of the surface-modified particle according to the invention in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
- the object of the invention is also achieved by the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
- the stable mixture of the invention comprises surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound of the general formula (I), a polysiloxane of the general formula (II), or a compound of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa), which preferably define polysiloxanes, too.
- metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles in particular metal oxide particles, known to those skilled in the art.
- metal oxides which are particularly suitable for the purposes of the invention are the oxides of the metals of the main groups and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, in particular the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
- silicon oxide is not preferred as semimetal oxide and is therefore not comprised in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention therefore provides the mixture according to the invention, with silicon dioxide being excepted as semimetal oxide.
- suitable metals of the main groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements are the alkali metals, for example Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, alkaline earth metals, for example Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, the third main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Al, Ga, In, Tl, the fourth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Sn, Pb, or the fifth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Sb, Bi.
- alkali metals for example Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, alkaline earth metals, for example Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr
- the third main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements for example Al, Ga, In, Tl
- the fourth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements for example Sn, Pb
- the fifth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements for example Sb, Bi.
- suitable metals of the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements are Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn and Cd.
- the metal oxide used according to the invention is an oxide of the metals selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd and mixtures thereof, very particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and combinations thereof.
- mixed oxides of these metals in particular Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu, with at least one alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba, are also suitable for the purposes of the invention.
- the present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which the metal oxide used is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, combinations thereof and mixed oxides of these metals with at least one alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba.
- the metal oxide used is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, combinations thereof and mixed oxides of these metals with at least one alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba.
- the present invention provides the mixture of the invention in which the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles are magnetic.
- metal oxides are iron oxides, for example Fe 2 O 3 , magnetic iron oxides, for example magnetite, maghemite, hematite, cubic ferrites of the general formula (III)
- the metal oxide used according to the invention is a magnetic iron oxide selected from the abovementioned group.
- the at least one metal oxide used according to the invention is magnetite.
- Magnetite has the formula Fe 3 O 4 , in particular Fe II Fe III 2 O 4 , and is known to those skilled in the art. Magnetite can be prepared by known processes and is commercially available.
- the metal oxide particles used according to the invention can optionally comprise dopants, for example further metals in oxidic or elemental form, for example noble metals such as platinum.
- the particles which are present according to the invention generally have a particle size of from 50 nm to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 200 nm to 100 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 500 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
- the particles which are present according to the invention can generally have any shape, for example spherical, cylindrical, acicular or cuboidal.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 9 , R 10 , a, b, m and n have the abovementioned meaning, are present in the stable mixture of the invention.
- R 1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 4 -C 12 -alkyl.
- R 1 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 4 -C 12 -alkyl.
- linear or branched C 4 -C 12 -alkyl radicals are butyl, in particular, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl,
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkenyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, very particularly preferably C 4 -C 12 -alkenyl.
- alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decen
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkynyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, very particularly preferably C 4 -C 12 -alkynyl.
- alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl, very particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 20 -heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -heteroalkyl.
- the heteroalkyl radicals present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -aryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -aryl.
- aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl or biaryls.
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -alkylaryl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -alkylaryl.
- An example of an alklaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -arylalkyl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -arylalkyl.
- arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- radicals R 1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -heteroaryl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 12 -heteroaryl.
- the abovementioned radicals R 1 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxyl, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups.
- the abovementioned radicals R 1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present.
- R 1 The radicals mentioned for R 1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- Very particularly preferred radicals R 1 are octyl, in particular n-octyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl and/or butyl, in particular n-butyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl.
- R 2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl.
- R 2 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl.
- linear or branched C 1 -C 12 -alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkenyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, very particularly preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkenyl.
- alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, dec
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkynyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, very particularly preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkynyl.
- alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 20 -heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C 4 -C 12 -heteroalkyl.
- the heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -aryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -aryl.
- aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl or biaryls.
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -alkylaryl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -alkylaryl.
- An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -arylalkyl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -arylalkyl.
- arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- radicals R 2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -heteroaryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -heteroaryl.
- the abovementioned radicals R 2 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups.
- the abovementioned radicals R 1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present.
- R 2 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- R 2 are methyl and/or ethyl.
- the present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which R 2 in the compound of the general formula (I) is methyl or ethyl.
- R 2 is a group of general formula (IIa)
- R 1 and R 2 independently of one another have the above-mentioned meanings and m is independently of one another 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2.
- the connection of this group of general formula (IIa) to the compound of general formula (I) is via the free bonding at the Si-atom.
- R 1 in the group of general formula (IIa) is independently of one another octyl, preferably n-octyl, hexyl, preferably n-hexyl and/or -butyl, preferably n-butyl, decyl, preferably n-decyl or docecyl, preferably n-dodecyl.
- R 2 is in the group of general formula (IIa) independently of one another methyl or ethyl.
- the present invention preferably relates to the mixture according to the present invention, wherein in the compound of general formula (I) or in the group of general formula (IIa) R 2 is methyl or ethyl.
- polysiloxanes are used as compounds of general formula (I). If according to the present invention polysiloxanes comprising groups of general formula (IIa) are used, these can be linear or branched. Polysiloxanes which are used according to the present invention comprising groups of the general formula (IIa) have in general a molecular weight of 250 to 200,000 g/mol, preferably 250 to 20,000 g/mol, particularly preferably 300 to 5,000 g/mol.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl.
- R 3 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl.
- linear or branched C 1 -C 12 -alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkenyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, very particularly preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkenyl.
- alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decen
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkynyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, very particularly preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkynyl.
- alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 20 -heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -heteroalkyl.
- the heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -aryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -aryl.
- aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl, biaryls.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -alkylaryl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -alkylaryl.
- An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -arylalkyl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -arylalkyl.
- arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- radicals R 3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -heteroaryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -heteroaryl.
- R 3 can, in one embodiment, be —OR 17 , where R 17 has the abovementioned meanings.
- possible and preferred embodiments of R 17 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 17 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- R 3 is a unit of the general formula
- R 5 , R 6 , R 15 and o have the above-mentioned meanings.
- R 5 and R 6 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 5 and R 6 are very particularly preferably selected independently from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- R 15 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 15 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- R 15 can be a unit of the general formula
- R 11 , R 12 , c and d have the above-mentioned meanings.
- R 11 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 11 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- R 12 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 12 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- the indices c are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0.
- d is 3-c, i.e. d can assume the values 1, 2, or 3, with 3 being preferred.
- the abovementioned radicals R 3 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups.
- the abovementioned radicals R 1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present.
- radicals mentioned for R 1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- R 3 are methyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl and dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl.
- R 4 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C 1 -C 30 -alkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, very particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl.
- linear or branched C 1 -C 12 -alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkenyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, very particularly preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkenyl.
- alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decen
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C 2 -C 30 -alkynyl, particularly preferably C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, very particularly preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkynyl.
- alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 3 -C 20 -cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C 3 -C 12 -cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 1 -C 20 -heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 12 -heteroalkyl.
- the heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -aryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -aryl.
- aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl, biaryls.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -alkylaryl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -alkylaryl.
- An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 6 -C 23 -arylalkyl, particularly preferably C 6 -C 13 -arylalkyl.
- arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- radicals R 4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C 5 -C 22 -heteroaryl, particularly preferably C 5 -C 12 -heteroaryl.
- R 4 can, in one embodiment, be —OR 18 , where R 18 has the abovementioned meanings.
- possible and preferred embodiments of R 18 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 18 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- R 4 is a unit of the general formula
- R 7 , R 8 , R 16 and p have the above-mentioned meanings.
- R 7 and R 8 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 7 and R 8 are very particularly preferably selected independently from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- R 16 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 16 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- R 16 can be a unit of the general formula
- R 13 , R 14 , e and f have the abovementioned meanings.
- R 13 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 13 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- R 14 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R 2 .
- R 14 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- the indices e are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0.
- f is 3-e, i.e. f can assume the values 1, 2 or 3, with 3 being preferred.
- the abovementioned radicals R 4 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups.
- the abovementioned radicals R 1 can be simply or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present.
- radicals mentioned for R 1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- R 4 are methyl and ethyl.
- radicals R 3 and R 4 apply, independently, to the radicals R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 .
- Particularly preferred radicals R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are selected independently from among methyl and ethyl.
- n is generally 1, 2 or 3.
- n in the compound of the general formula (I) is preferably 1 or 2.
- n in the compound of the general formula (I) is particularly preferably 1.
- the present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which n in the compound of the general formula (I) is 1 or 2, particularly preferably 1.
- m, o and p are each, independently of one another, generally from 1 to 500, preferably from 1 to 50, particularly preferably from 1 to 20.
- Compounds of the general formula (I) which are particularly preferred according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of [2-(3-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(7-octen-1-yl)silane, isooctyltrimethoxy-silane, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)methoxyethoxyethoxyethylcarbamate, N-(3-triethoxy-silylpropyl)methoxyethoxyethoxyethylcarbamate, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxy-silane, allyltrimethoxysilane, 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)-propyltriethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-(acryloyloxy-prop
- polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) respectively polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) which is preferred according to the invention is polydimethylsiloxanes which can have, for example, methoxy and/or ethoxy end groups.
- the reaction of the abovementioned metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with the compounds of the general formula (I) or the polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) respectively polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) can be carried out by processes known to those skilled in the art, for example contacting of the substrates in a solvent, for example toluene or water, at a temperature in the range from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent. After conventional work-up, the reaction product of metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles and compounds of the general formula (I) or polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) respectively polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) can be obtained.
- a solvent for example toluene or water
- Hydrolysis of alkoxysilanes can be accelerated by decreasing the pH-value of the solution by addition of acids.
- this step can be conducted before the silanes are contacted with the metal- or semi-metal oxide particles, or, in a second embodiment, afterwards.
- pH-value and acid are selected in a way that oxide particles are not attacked thereby.
- Preferred is the use of acetic acid or nitric acid.
- the pH-value of the reaction mixture changes during reaction. In this case, it is useful to adjust the pH-value for completion of surface fixation to 3 to 4, again.
- a further acceleration of the reaction can be achieved by working at increased temperature, preferably near the boiling point of the solvent.
- the solid can be separated from the solution by filtration or similar processes, known to the skilled artisan, or the solution is, preferably, dried under using of decreased pressure and/or increased temperature.
- the condensation degree of the hydroxy species and therewith the cross-linking is increased afterwards, by a temperature treatment. It has to be noted that this temperature should be selected in a way that all reaction partners are stable under these given conditions. In a particularly preferred embodiment, temperatures above room temperature, for example up to 200° C., particularly up to 160° C. Water that is formed in the condensation is preferably additionally removed from the reaction zone.
- a further possibility to contact the silane reagent with the metal- or semi-metal oxide particles is by spraying of a solution of the reagent onto the solid.
- a solution of the reagent onto the solid.
- alkoxysilanes that are already in solution are transferred into silanoles.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a process for the preparation of a surface-modified particle as defined above by contacting the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle, which is to be modified with a compound of general formula (I) or with polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa), as defined above.
- the present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein the contacting of the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle that is to be modified with the compound of general formula (I) or with polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa) as defined above, is conducted by spraying.
- the present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein the reaction is accelerated by adjusting of the pH-value, preferably by addition of acid.
- the present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein a temperature treatment is conducted after drying of the products, preferably at up to 160° C.
- the present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein the contacting is conducted by spraying the compounds of general formula (I) or the polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) as defined above, onto the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle that is to be modified.
- the stable mixture of the invention comprises at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof in addition to the abovementioned functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles.
- reaction products according to the invention i.e. the surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles
- the reaction products according to the invention are particularly stable in mixtures with solvents and/or surface-active compounds, i.e. no detachment of the silicon compounds bound to the surface occurs.
- the at least one solvent present in the mixture of the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, for example benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, propanols such as n-propanol, isopropanol, butanols such as n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isobutyl tert-butyl ether, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes such as hexane, cycloalkanes such as cyclohexane, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures thereof. If mixtures of solvents are used according to the invention, preference is given to using solvents which are
- the present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which the at least one solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, propanols such as n-propanol, isopropanol, butanols such as n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isobutyl-tert-butyl ether, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes such as hexane, cycloalkanes such as cyclohexane, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures thereof.
- aromatic hydrocarbons preferably benzene, toluen
- the mixture of the invention is used in processes in which the surface-modified particles are brought into contact with particularly large amounts of solvents.
- the mixture of the invention generally has a solids content of up to 70% by weight, preferably up to 60% by weight.
- the content of at least one solvent in the mixture of the invention is therefore generally at least 30% by weight, preferably at least 40% by weight, i.e. in general from 30 to 99.9% by weight, preferably from 40 to 99.9% by weight, of solvent.
- the solids content is the content of particles which have been modified on the surface according to the invention and any further solids present.
- the at least one surface-active substance present in the mixture of the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of nonionic, anionic, cationic or zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
- nonionic surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, in particular fatty alcohol polyethylene glycol ethers.
- anionic surfactants are alkylbenzenesulfonates, secondary alkanesulfonates, ⁇ -olefinsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates or fatty alcohol ether sulfates.
- Preferred examples of cationic surfactants are stearyltrimethylammonium salts.
- Preferred examples of zwitterionic surfactants are sultaines, fatty acid amidoalkylhydroxysultaine or alkyl betaines.
- Particularly preferred surface-active substances are sodium alkylphenol ether sulfates.
- the at least one surface-active substance is generally present in the mixture of the invention in an amount of from 0.001 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 15% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight, in each case based on the total mixture. If at least one surface-active substance is present according to the invention, the abovementioned amount of at least one solvent is modified accordingly.
- the surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles are generally present in the mixture of the invention in an amount of from 0.1 to 70% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 60% by weight.
- the amounts of surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, at least one solvent, optionally present surface-active substances and optionally present further solids add up to 100% by weight.
- the mixture of the invention can comprise further components, for example oxidic or metallic solids and further hydrophobic components.
- the mass ratio of solvent to modified particles in the mixture of the invention is generally greater than 500, preferably 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000.
- the term “stable mixture” means that the surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles present in the mixture of the invention are not changed in the mixture, i.e. the silyl groups present on the surface are not detached from the surface of the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, for example by hydrolysis, so that the mixture of the invention as a whole does not change or changes only slightly. That a mixture comprising surface-modified particles is stable for the purposes of the present invention can be demonstrated, for example, by the fact that such particles which are in contact with solvents and/or surface-active substance in a mixture according to the invention remain chemically and/or physically unchanged. This can, for example, be determined by elemental analysis or determination of the hydrophobic properties, for example by determination of the ability to float or the contact angle.
- the present invention also provides a process for treating surface-modified particles according to the invention with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
- the mass ratio of surface-modified particle and the at least one solvent is generally greater than 500, preferably greater than 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000.
- the surface-modified particles according to the invention are brought into contact, i.e. treated, with a relatively large amount of solvent.
- Corresponding systems according to the invention in which this treatment can be carried out are, for example, flowing systems in which the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact in, for example, continuous processes with further substances, particles, materials, etc., for example continuous processes for agglomeration with further substances, particles, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion.
- the process of the invention also relates to deagglomeration of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles of the invention and further substances, particles or materials, or of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles with themselves, for example likewise in flowing systems.
- the present invention also provides for the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particles is greater than 500.
- the mass ratio of surface-modified particle and the at least one solvent is generally greater than 500, preferably greater than 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000.
- the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact with a relatively large amount of solvent.
- Corresponding systems according to the invention in which this contacting can be carried out are, for example, flowing systems in which the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact in, for example, continuous processes with further substances, particles, materials, etc., for example continuous processes for agglomeration with further substances, particles, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion.
- the use according to the invention also relates to deagglomeration of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles of the invention and further substances, particles or materials, or of agglomerates of surface-modified particles with themselves, for example likewise in flowing systems.
- the present invention also provides for the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention, in particular magnetic particles, in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
- an agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a process in which the surface-functionalized particles of the invention, in particular magnetic particles, are brought into contact with themselves or other particles, substances, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion and agglomerate as a result of hydrophobic interaction, ionic forces, van der Waals interactions and/or other attractive forces. These agglomerates are then processed in further processes, for example separated from other components and/or the solution or dispersion. After this treatment, the agglomerates are then separated again, i.e. deagglomerated, so that the surface-functionalized particles and the other particles, substances, materials, etc., are again present separately (deagglomeration).
- Examples of agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles which are preferred according to the invention are chemical or biological test methods or separation processes, decontamination of (heavy metal-)contaminated earth, water purification, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation.
- the functionalized magnetic particles are then recycled by means of surfactants which again release the electrostatic, adhesive or van der Waals interaction between functionalized magnetic particle and antigen/virus (deagglomeration). In this way, the functionalized magnetite particles produced in an elaborate way can be reused.
- the modified particles of the invention can be used in water purification.
- functionalized magnetite particles which remove organic constituents, suspended materials or fat droplets from the water by effecting hydrophobic agglomeration between the functionalized magnetite particle and the hydrophobic contaminant.
- These hydrophobic agglomerates can be separated off by magnetic separation.
- Recycling of electrical/electronic scrap can, for example, be carried out by magnetic recovery of materials of value (Ir, Pt, Ru) from electrical/electronic scrap, once again preferably using modified magnetite particles which, after hydrophobicization of the materials of value to be separated, can agglomerate with these and be separated off. After the agglomerates have been separated off, they are deagglomerated again so that the modified magnetic particles can be reused.
- materials of value Ir, Pt, Ru
- a further example is gravity separation, e.g. by means of cyclones known to those skilled in the art.
- relatively dense constituents can be separated off from less dense constituents by means of a gravity separation. If the densities of the individual components differ only slightly, e.g. Pt-doped hematite and undoped hematite, the density of the component to be separated off can be increased by agglomeration with a further component.
- the Pt-doped hematite component is hydrophobicized according to the invention to give modified particles, so that addition of hydrophobicized barium sulfate gives an agglomerate of the modified hematite and barium sulfate which has a greater density difference from the undoped hematite. After the agglomerate has been separated off, it can be deagglomerated again.
- the present invention therefore also preferably provides for the use according to the invention in which the agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a chemical or biological test method or separation process, water purification, purification of (heavy metal-) polluted earth, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation.
- the agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a chemical or biological test method or separation process, water purification, purification of (heavy metal-) polluted earth, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation.
- An advantage of the invention is that the particles which have been surface-modified according to the invention are stable under the conditions prevailing in agglomeration and especially deagglomeration and can therefore preferably be reused.
- 3 ml of water are placed in a 5 ml test tube.
- the solid to be examined is subsequently carefully placed on the surface of the water by means of a spatula.
- the solid in the test tube is subsequently observed to see whether the solid sinks or remains afloat.
- the closed vessel is shaken for 10 s.
- the solid in the test tube is subsequently observed to see whether the solid floats again or remains under water.
- the magnetite powder is applied as an appropriately 1 mm thick layer onto a 100 ⁇ m thick BASF Acronal V215 adhesive dispersion on a PET film. Using a spatula, the powder is pressed into the adhesive and excess material which does not adhere is removed by shaking. Finally, remaining loose material is removed by blowing purified nitrogen under pressure over the specimen. This method gives a clean, homogeneous powder surface over the total area of the substrate of 75 mm ⁇ 25 mm.
- Powder surfaces normally display a certain roughness and contact angle or the measurement thereof are sensitive to this roughness. A direct comparison of the hydrophobicity can therefore be carried out only on powders having the same particle size distribution and particle shape. Careful surfaces analyses using ToF-SIMS have shown that the surface of the powder layer produced by this method has no traces of adhesive and is representative of the powder.
- magnetite hydrophobicized according to the respective example as reusable carrier for the decontamination of (heavy metal-) contaminated earth.
- 3 g of magnetite were dispersed in a system comprising 100 g of a sand mixture (solids content: 1% by weight).
- This sand mixture comprises 99% by weight of inorganic siliceous constituents (e.g. feltspars, mica, iron pyrites) and 1% by weight of a specific hydrophobicized inorganic As-comprising contaminant (Enargite). Hydrophobicization of this inorganic contaminant is carried out using butylxanthate.
- the arsenic component is separated off by means of hydrophobic flocculation with the magnetite.
- the hydrophobic constituents are collected and treated with a 0.1% strength by weight solution of a surfactant (Lutensit A-ES from BASF SE).
- a surfactant Litensit A-ES from BASF SE.
- the magnetic constituents are separated from the nonmagnetic As-comprising impurities.
- the hydrophobic magnetite is washed with a 1:1 mixture of water and EtOH, filtered off and remixed with a freshly produced sand mixture. The process is repeated a total of ten times.
- Synthesis The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 330 mg of n HexSi(OMe) 3 (97% strength, from ABCR) are used as silanization reagent.
- Synthesis The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 290 mg of n BuSi(OMe) 3 (97% strength, from ABCR) are used as silanization reagent.
- Synthesis The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, water is used instead of toluene as solvent. This is brought to a pH of 3.5 by means of 25% strength acetic acid.
- Synthesis The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 0.3 g of n BuMe 2 SiCl (97% strength from ABCR) is used as silanization reagent.
- OPA n-octylphosphonic acid
Abstract
The present invention relates to a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound selected from among silicon-comprising compounds bearing one, two or three alkoxy radicals and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof, the use of these particles in systems in which they are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500, and also the use of these particles in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
Description
- The present invention relates to a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound selected from among silicon-comprising compounds bearing one, two or three alkoxy radicals and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof, the use of these particles in systems in which they are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500, and also the use of these particles in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
- Metal oxide and/or semimetal oxide particles which are functionalized on the surface by means of silicon-comprising compounds are known from the prior art.
- WO 2009/059382 A1 discloses, for example, hydrophobic modification of mineral fillers and mixed polymer systems. According to this document, hydrophobic modification is effected by reaction of the corresponding mineral particles with silanes, for example C3-C12-alkyltrialkoxy silanes. That the correspondingly hydrophobically modified particles according to WO 2009/059382 A1 are particularly stable in large amounts of solvents, optionally in the presence of surface-active substances, is not disclosed in this document.
- In the light of the prior art, it is thus an object of the present invention to provide particles which are hydrophobicized on the surface and have a particularly high stability toward large amounts of solvents and/or surface-active substances.
- This object is achieved by a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound of the general formula (I)
-
R1 n—Si(OR2)4-n (I) - or polysiloxanes of the general formula (II)
-
- where R1, R2, R3, R4, R9, R10, a, b, m and n have the following meanings:
- R1, R2,
- R9, R10 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl,
- the radicals R3 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C20-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C20-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, —OR17, a unit of the general formula
-
- the radicals R4 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C20-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C20-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, —OR18, a unit of the general formula
-
- R5, R6,
- R7, R8, are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl,
- the radicals R15 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, or a unit of the general formula
-
Si(R11)c(OR12)d], - the radicals R16 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, or a unit of the general formula
-
Si(R13)e(OR14)f], - R11, R12,
- R13, R14,
- R17, R18 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl,
- n is 1, 2 or 3,
- a, c, e are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0,
- b is 3-a,
- d is 3-c,
- f is 3-e and
- m, o, p are each, independently of one another, from 1 to 500, preferably from 1 to 50, particularly preferably from 1 to 20,
and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof. - According to the present invention polysiloxanes according to general formula (II) are polysiloxanes comprising units of general formula (II). The bonding is therein conducted via the *marked bonding respectively via a valid bonding at the Si-atom.
- The present invention further relates to a stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semi-metal oxide particles with at least one compound of general formula (I)
-
R1 n—Si(OR2)4-n (I) - wherein R1, R2 and n have the following meanings:
- R1 independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl,
- R2 independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl,
and/or- group of general formula (IIa)
-
—SiR1 m(OR2)3-m (IIa) - wherein R1 and R2 independently of one another have the above-mentioned meanings and m is independently of one another 0, 1, 2 or 3
- n 1, 2 or 3
and at least one solvent, at least one surface active substance or a mixture thereof. - If R2 in the compound of general formula (I) has several times, for example more than once, the meaning of a group of general formula (IIa), corresponding compounds are present, comprising 2, 3, 4 or more units with Si-atoms. According to this, in the case, that in general formula (I) R2 is several times a group of general formula (IIa), polysiloxanes are present, corresponding to general formula (II).
- Furthermore, the object is achieved by the use of the surface-modified particle according to the invention in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, where the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
- The object of the invention is also achieved by the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
- The stable mixture of the invention comprises surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound of the general formula (I), a polysiloxane of the general formula (II), or a compound of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa), which preferably define polysiloxanes, too.
- For the purposes of the present invention, it is generally possible to use all metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, in particular metal oxide particles, known to those skilled in the art. Examples of metal oxides which are particularly suitable for the purposes of the invention are the oxides of the metals of the main groups and transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements, in particular the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
- According to the invention, silicon oxide is not preferred as semimetal oxide and is therefore not comprised in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- In a preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore provides the mixture according to the invention, with silicon dioxide being excepted as semimetal oxide.
- Examples of suitable metals of the main groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements are the alkali metals, for example Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, alkaline earth metals, for example Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, the third main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Al, Ga, In, Tl, the fourth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Sn, Pb, or the fifth main group of the Periodic Table of the Elements, for example Sb, Bi.
- Examples of suitable metals of the transition groups of the Periodic Table of the Elements are Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn and Cd.
- In a preferred embodiment, the metal oxide used according to the invention is an oxide of the metals selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, the lanthanides, the actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd and mixtures thereof, very particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and combinations thereof. Furthermore, mixed oxides of these metals, in particular Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu, with at least one alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba, are also suitable for the purposes of the invention.
- The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which the metal oxide used is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, combinations thereof and mixed oxides of these metals with at least one alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca, Sr and/or Ba.
- In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention provides the mixture of the invention in which the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles are magnetic.
- Very particularly preferably preferred metal oxides are iron oxides, for example Fe2O3, magnetic iron oxides, for example magnetite, maghemite, hematite, cubic ferrites of the general formula (III)
-
M2+ xFe2+ 1-xFe3+ 2O4 (III) - where
- M is selected from among Co, Ni, Mn, Zn and mixtures thereof and
- x is ≦1,
hexagonal ferrites, for example calcium, barium or strontium ferrite MFe6O19 where M=Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof. - In a preferred embodiment, the metal oxide used according to the invention is a magnetic iron oxide selected from the abovementioned group. In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one metal oxide used according to the invention is magnetite. Magnetite has the formula Fe3O4, in particular FeIIFeIII 2O4, and is known to those skilled in the art. Magnetite can be prepared by known processes and is commercially available.
- The metal oxide particles used according to the invention can optionally comprise dopants, for example further metals in oxidic or elemental form, for example noble metals such as platinum.
- The particles which are present according to the invention generally have a particle size of from 50 nm to 500 μm, preferably from 200 nm to 100 μm, particularly preferably from 500 nm to 10 μm.
- The particles which are present according to the invention can generally have any shape, for example spherical, cylindrical, acicular or cuboidal.
- Surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound of the general formula (I)
-
R1 n—Si(OR2)4-n (I) - or polysiloxanes of the general formula (II)
-
- where R1, R2, R3, R4, R9, R10, a, b, m and n have the abovementioned meaning, are present in the stable mixture of the invention.
- Preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C4-C12-alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R1 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C4-C12-alkyl. Examples of linear or branched C4-C12-alkyl radicals are butyl, in particular, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl, isoundecyl, tert-undecyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl, isododecyl, tert-dodecyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkenyl, very particularly preferably C4-C12-alkenyl. Examples of alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decenyl, in particular n-decenyl, isodecenyl, tert-decenyl, undecenyl, in particular n-undecenyl, isoundecenyl, tert-undecenyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, tert-dodecenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkynyl, very particularly preferably C4-C12-alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in particular n-nonynyl, isononynyl, tert-nonynyl, decynyl, in particular n-decynyl, isodecynyl, tert-decynyl, undecynyl, in particular n-undecynyl, isoundecynyl, tert-undecynyl, or dodecynyl, in particular n-dodecynyl, isododecynyl, tert-dodecynyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkyl, very particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C1-C12-heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl radicals present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-aryl. Examples of aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl or biaryls.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, particularly preferably C6-C13-alkylaryl. An example of an alklaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, particularly preferably C6-C13-arylalkyl. Examples of arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R1 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, particularly preferably C6-C12-heteroaryl.
- The abovementioned radicals R1 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxyl, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups. The abovementioned radicals R1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present. The radicals mentioned for R1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- Very particularly preferred radicals R1 are octyl, in particular n-octyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl and/or butyl, in particular n-butyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl.
- For the purposes of the present invention, “independently of one another” means that if a plurality of radicals R1 are present in the compound of the general formula (I), these can be identical or different.
- Preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C1-C12-alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R2 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C1-C12-alkyl. Examples of linear or branched C1-C12-alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl, isoundecyl, tert-undecyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl, isododecyl, tert-dodecyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkenyl, very particularly preferably C2-C12-alkenyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decenyl, in particular n-decenyl, isodecenyl, tert-decenyl, undecenyl, in particular n-undecenyl, isoundecenyl, tert-undecenyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, tert-dodecenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkynyl, very particularly preferably C2-C12-alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in particular n-nonynyl, isononynyl, tert-nonynyl, decynyl, in particular n-decynyl, isodecynyl, tert-decynyl, undecynyl, in particular n-undecynyl, isoundecynyl, tert-undecynyl, or dodecynyl, in particular n-dodecynyl, isododecynyl, tert-dodecynyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C4-C12-heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-aryl. Examples of aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl or biaryls.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, particularly preferably C6-C13-alkylaryl. An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, particularly preferably C6-C13-arylalkyl. Examples of arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R2 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-heteroaryl.
- The abovementioned radicals R2 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups. The abovementioned radicals R1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present. The radicals mentioned for R2 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- Very particularly preferred radicals R2 are methyl and/or ethyl.
- The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which R2 in the compound of the general formula (I) is methyl or ethyl.
- In a further preferred embodiment R2 is a group of general formula (IIa)
-
—SiR1 m(OR2)3-n (IIa) - wherein R1 and R2 independently of one another have the above-mentioned meanings and m is independently of one another 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2. The connection of this group of general formula (IIa) to the compound of general formula (I) is via the free bonding at the Si-atom.
- In a preferred embodiment R1 in the group of general formula (IIa) is independently of one another octyl, preferably n-octyl, hexyl, preferably n-hexyl and/or -butyl, preferably n-butyl, decyl, preferably n-decyl or docecyl, preferably n-dodecyl.
- In a particularly preferred embodiment R2 is in the group of general formula (IIa) independently of one another methyl or ethyl.
- Therefore, the present invention preferably relates to the mixture according to the present invention, wherein in the compound of general formula (I) or in the group of general formula (IIa) R2 is methyl or ethyl.
- If in the compound of general formula (I) groups of general formula (IIa) are present several times, according to the present invention polysiloxanes are used as compounds of general formula (I). If according to the present invention polysiloxanes comprising groups of general formula (IIa) are used, these can be linear or branched. Polysiloxanes which are used according to the present invention comprising groups of the general formula (IIa) have in general a molecular weight of 250 to 200,000 g/mol, preferably 250 to 20,000 g/mol, particularly preferably 300 to 5,000 g/mol.
- For the purposes of the present invention, “independently of one another” means that if a plurality of radicals R2 are present in the compound of the general formula (I), these can be identical or different.
- Preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C1-C12-alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R3 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C1-C12-alkyl. Examples of linear or branched C1-C12-alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl, isoundecyl, tert-undecyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl, isododecyl, tert-dodecyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkenyl, very particularly preferably C2-C12-alkenyl. Examples of alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decenyl, in particular n-decenyl, isodecenyl, tert-decenyl, undecenyl, in particular n-undecenyl, isoundecenyl, tert-undecenyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, tert-dodecenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkynyl, very particularly preferably C2-C12-alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in particular n-nonynyl, isononynyl, tert-nonynyl, decynyl, in particular n-decynyl, isodecynyl, tert-decynyl, undecynyl, in particular n-undecynyl, isoundecynyl, tert-undecynyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecynyl, isododecynyl, tert-dodecynyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C1-C12-heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-aryl. Examples of aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl, biaryls.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, particularly preferably C6-C13-alkylaryl. An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, particularly preferably C6-C13-arylalkyl. Examples of arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R3 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-heteroaryl.
- R3 can, in one embodiment, be —OR17, where R17 has the abovementioned meanings. In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R17 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R17 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl. When R3 is —OR17, crosslinked siloxane structures are formed in the modification of the particle surface.
- In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, R3 is a unit of the general formula
-
- where R5, R6, R15 and o have the above-mentioned meanings.
- The preferred embodiments of R5 and R6 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. R5 and R6 are very particularly preferably selected independently from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R15 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R15 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- In a further embodiment according to the invention, R15 can be a unit of the general formula
-
Si(R11)c(OR12)d], - where R11, R12, c and d have the above-mentioned meanings.
- In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R11 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R11 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R12 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R12 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- The indices c are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0.
- d is 3-c, i.e. d can assume the values 1, 2, or 3, with 3 being preferred.
- The abovementioned radicals R3 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups. The abovementioned radicals R1 can be singly or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present. Furthermore, the radicals mentioned for R1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- Very particularly preferred radicals R3 are methyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl and dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl.
- For the purposes of the present invention, “independently of one another” means that if a plurality of radicals R3 are present in the compound of the general formula (II), these can be identical or different.
- Preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C1-C12-alkyl. In a preferred embodiment, R4 is linear or branched, unfunctionalized C1-C30-alkyl, particularly preferably C1-C20-alkyl, very particularly preferably C1-C12-alkyl. Examples of linear or branched C1-C12-alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, propyl, in particular n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, in particular n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, in particular n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, in particular n-hexyl, isohexyl, tert-hexyl, heptyl, in particular n-heptyl, isoheptyl, tert-heptyl, octyl, in particular n-octyl, isooctyl, tert-octyl, nonyl, in particular n-nonyl, isononyl, tert-nonyl, decyl, in particular n-decyl, isodecyl, tert-decyl, undecyl, in particular n-undecyl, isoundecyl, tert-undecyl, or dodecyl, in particular n-dodecyl, isododecyl, tert-dodecyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkenyl, very particularly preferably C2-C12-alkenyl. Examples of alkenyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethenyl (vinyl), propenyl, in particular n-propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, in particular n-butenyl, isobutenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, in particular n-pentenyl, isopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, in particular n-hexenyl, isohexenyl, tert-hexenyl, heptenyl, in particular n-heptenyl, isoheptenyl, tert-heptenyl, octenyl, in particular n-octenyl, isooctenyl, tert-octenyl, nonenyl, in particular n-nonenyl, isononenyl, tert-nonenyl, decenyl, in particular n-decenyl, isodecenyl, tert-decenyl, undecenyl, in particular n-undecenyl, isoundecenyl, tert-undecenyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecenyl, isododecenyl, tert-dodecenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, particularly preferably C2-C20-alkynyl, very particularly preferably C2-C12-alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl radicals which are particularly preferred according to the invention are ethynyl, propynyl, in particular n-propynyl, isopropynyl, butynyl, in particular n-butynyl, isobutynyl, tert-butynyl, pentynyl, in particular n-pentynyl, isopentynyl, tert-pentynyl, hexynyl, in particular n-hexynyl, isohexynyl, tert-hexynyl, heptynyl, in particular n-heptynyl, isoheptynyl, tert-heptynyl, octynyl, in particular n-octynyl, isooctynyl, tert-octynyl, nonynyl, in particular n-nonynyl, isononynyl, tert-nonyl, decynyl, in particular n-decynyl, isodecynyl, tert-decynyl, undecynyl, in particular n-undecynyl, isoundecynyl, tert-undecynyl, or dodecenyl, in particular n-dodecynyl, isododecynyl, tert-dodecynyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkyl, particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkyl, for example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, particularly preferably C3-C12-cycloalkenyl, very particularly preferably C3-C6-cycloalkenyl, for example cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, particularly preferably C1-C12-heteroalkyl. The heteroalkyl radicals which are present according to the invention are derived from the abovementioned alkyl radicals, with at least one carbon atom being replaced by a heteroatom selected from among N, O, P and S.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-aryl. Examples of aryl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are phenyl, naphthyl, biaryls.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, particularly preferably C6-C13-alkylaryl. An example of an alkylaryl radical which is preferred according to the invention is benzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, particularly preferably C6-C13-arylalkyl. Examples of arylalkyl radicals which are preferred according to the invention are tolyl, xylyl, propylbenzyl, hexylbenzyl.
- Further preference is given to the radicals R4 each being, independently of one another, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl, particularly preferably C5-C12-heteroaryl.
- R4 can, in one embodiment, be —OR18, where R18 has the abovementioned meanings. In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R18 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R18 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl. When R4 is —OR18, crosslinked siloxane structures are formed in the modification of the particle surface.
- In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, R4 is a unit of the general formula
-
- where R7, R8, R16 and p have the above-mentioned meanings.
- The preferred embodiments of R7 and R8 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. R7 and R8 are very particularly preferably selected independently from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R16 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R16 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- In a further embodiment of the invention, R16 can be a unit of the general formula
-
Si(R13)e(OR14)f], - where R13, R14, e and f have the abovementioned meanings.
- In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R13 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R13 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl.
- In one possible embodiment, possible and preferred embodiments of R14 correspond, independently of one another, to the possible and preferred embodiments mentioned for R2. In this embodiment, R14 is very particularly preferably selected from among methyl, ethyl.
- The indices e are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0.
- f is 3-e, i.e. f can assume the values 1, 2 or 3, with 3 being preferred.
- The abovementioned radicals R4 can optionally be functionalized. Suitable functional groups are, for example, selected from among amino, amido, imido, hydroxy, ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxylic acid, thiol, thioether, hydroxamate and carbamate groups. The abovementioned radicals R1 can be simply or multiply functionalized. In the case of multiple functionalization, one functional group can be present a plurality of times or various functional groups are simultaneously present. Furthermore, the radicals mentioned for R1 can also be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the abovementioned alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl radicals.
- Very particularly preferred radicals R4 are methyl and ethyl.
- For the purposes of the present invention, “independently of one another” means that if a plurality of radicals R4 are present in the compound of the general formula (II), these can be identical or different.
- What has been said in respect of the radicals R3 and R4 applies, independently, to the radicals R5, R6, R7 and R8. Particularly preferred radicals R5, R6, R7 and R8 are selected independently from among methyl and ethyl.
- In the compound of the general formula (I), n is generally 1, 2 or 3. n in the compound of the general formula (I) is preferably 1 or 2. n in the compound of the general formula (I) is particularly preferably 1.
- The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which n in the compound of the general formula (I) is 1 or 2, particularly preferably 1.
- In the polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) m, o and p are each, independently of one another, generally from 1 to 500, preferably from 1 to 50, particularly preferably from 1 to 20.
- Compounds of the general formula (I) which are particularly preferred according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of [2-(3-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane, trimethoxy(7-octen-1-yl)silane, isooctyltrimethoxy-silane, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)methoxyethoxyethoxyethylcarbamate, N-(3-triethoxy-silylpropyl)methoxyethoxyethoxyethylcarbamate, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxy-silane, allyltrimethoxysilane, 3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)-propyltriethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-(acryloyloxy-propyl)methyldimethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyldimethylethoxysilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyldimethylethoxysilane, vinyldimethyl-5-ethoxysilane, phenyl-trimethoxysilane, n-octyltrimethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, isooctyltrimethoxy-silane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, hexyltrimethoxysilane, vinylmethyldiacetoxysilane, vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriisopropoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriphenoxy-silane, vinyltritbutoxysilane, vinyltrisisobutoxysilane, vinyltriisopropenoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, styrylethyltrimethoxysilane, mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, heptamethyl(2-[tris(2-methoxyethoxy)silyl]ethyl)trisiloxane and mixtures thereof.
- One class of polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) respectively polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) which is preferred according to the invention is polydimethylsiloxanes which can have, for example, methoxy and/or ethoxy end groups.
- The reaction of the abovementioned metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with the compounds of the general formula (I) or the polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) respectively polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) can be carried out by processes known to those skilled in the art, for example contacting of the substrates in a solvent, for example toluene or water, at a temperature in the range from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent. After conventional work-up, the reaction product of metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles and compounds of the general formula (I) or polysiloxanes of the general formula (II) respectively polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) can be obtained.
- Here, hydrolysis of the silicon ether (Si—OR+H2O) to the silanol (Si—OH+ROH) occurs in a first step, followed in a second step by condensation of the surface hydroxyl groups with the silanol to give the product (Si—OH+M-OH→Si—O-M+H2O). According to the invention, only SiOR2 can be hydrolyzed in the above-mentioned silicon-comprising compounds; R1, R3 and all further radicals mentioned cannot be hydrolyzed.
- Hydrolysis of alkoxysilanes can be accelerated by decreasing the pH-value of the solution by addition of acids. In one embodiment this step can be conducted before the silanes are contacted with the metal- or semi-metal oxide particles, or, in a second embodiment, afterwards. In the later case, pH-value and acid are selected in a way that oxide particles are not attacked thereby. Preferred is the use of acetic acid or nitric acid. Further preferred is adjustment of the pH-value of 3 to 4. Under certain circumstances, the pH-value of the reaction mixture changes during reaction. In this case, it is useful to adjust the pH-value for completion of surface fixation to 3 to 4, again. A further acceleration of the reaction can be achieved by working at increased temperature, preferably near the boiling point of the solvent.
- After obtaining the desired reaction degree, the solid can be separated from the solution by filtration or similar processes, known to the skilled artisan, or the solution is, preferably, dried under using of decreased pressure and/or increased temperature.
- If desired, the condensation degree of the hydroxy species and therewith the cross-linking is increased afterwards, by a temperature treatment. It has to be noted that this temperature should be selected in a way that all reaction partners are stable under these given conditions. In a particularly preferred embodiment, temperatures above room temperature, for example up to 200° C., particularly up to 160° C. Water that is formed in the condensation is preferably additionally removed from the reaction zone.
- A further possibility to contact the silane reagent with the metal- or semi-metal oxide particles is by spraying of a solution of the reagent onto the solid. Preferably, alkoxysilanes that are already in solution are transferred into silanoles. An advantage of this embodiment is, that less solvent has to be evaporated in the drying step. Treatment after drying can be conducted as mentioned above.
- The present invention therefore also relates to a process for the preparation of a surface-modified particle as defined above by contacting the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle, which is to be modified with a compound of general formula (I) or with polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa), as defined above.
- The present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein the contacting of the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle that is to be modified with the compound of general formula (I) or with polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa) as defined above, is conducted by spraying.
- The present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein the reaction is accelerated by adjusting of the pH-value, preferably by addition of acid.
- The present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein a temperature treatment is conducted after drying of the products, preferably at up to 160° C.
- The present invention preferably relates to the process according to the present invention, wherein the contacting is conducted by spraying the compounds of general formula (I) or the polysiloxanes of general formula (I) comprising groups of general formula (IIa) as defined above, onto the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle that is to be modified.
- The stable mixture of the invention comprises at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof in addition to the abovementioned functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles.
- According to the invention, it has surprisingly been found that the reaction products according to the invention, i.e. the surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, are particularly stable in mixtures with solvents and/or surface-active compounds, i.e. no detachment of the silicon compounds bound to the surface occurs.
- The at least one solvent present in the mixture of the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, for example benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, propanols such as n-propanol, isopropanol, butanols such as n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isobutyl tert-butyl ether, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes such as hexane, cycloalkanes such as cyclohexane, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures thereof. If mixtures of solvents are used according to the invention, preference is given to using solvents which are completely miscible with one another, i.e. form a single phase on mixing.
- The present invention therefore preferably provides the mixture of the invention in which the at least one solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, propanols such as n-propanol, isopropanol, butanols such as n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, ethers such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isobutyl-tert-butyl ether, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes such as hexane, cycloalkanes such as cyclohexane, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures thereof.
- In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of the invention is used in processes in which the surface-modified particles are brought into contact with particularly large amounts of solvents.
- The mixture of the invention generally has a solids content of up to 70% by weight, preferably up to 60% by weight. The content of at least one solvent in the mixture of the invention is therefore generally at least 30% by weight, preferably at least 40% by weight, i.e. in general from 30 to 99.9% by weight, preferably from 40 to 99.9% by weight, of solvent. According to the invention, the solids content is the content of particles which have been modified on the surface according to the invention and any further solids present.
- The at least one surface-active substance present in the mixture of the invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of nonionic, anionic, cationic or zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
- Preferred examples of nonionic surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, in particular fatty alcohol polyethylene glycol ethers.
- Preferred examples of anionic surfactants are alkylbenzenesulfonates, secondary alkanesulfonates, α-olefinsulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates or fatty alcohol ether sulfates.
- Preferred examples of cationic surfactants are stearyltrimethylammonium salts.
- Preferred examples of zwitterionic surfactants are sultaines, fatty acid amidoalkylhydroxysultaine or alkyl betaines.
- Particularly preferred surface-active substances are sodium alkylphenol ether sulfates.
- The at least one surface-active substance is generally present in the mixture of the invention in an amount of from 0.001 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 15% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight, in each case based on the total mixture. If at least one surface-active substance is present according to the invention, the abovementioned amount of at least one solvent is modified accordingly.
- The surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles are generally present in the mixture of the invention in an amount of from 0.1 to 70% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 60% by weight.
- If further solids are optionally present in the mixture of the invention, the abovementioned amount of surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles is modified accordingly.
- In all possible embodiments, the amounts of surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, at least one solvent, optionally present surface-active substances and optionally present further solids add up to 100% by weight.
- Apart from the functionalized particles, the at least one solvent and/or the at least one surface-active substance, the mixture of the invention can comprise further components, for example oxidic or metallic solids and further hydrophobic components. The sum of the amounts of the components present in the mixture of the invention in each case add up to 100% by weight.
- The mass ratio of solvent to modified particles in the mixture of the invention is generally greater than 500, preferably 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000.
- For the purposes of the present invention, the term “stable mixture” means that the surface-functionalized metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles present in the mixture of the invention are not changed in the mixture, i.e. the silyl groups present on the surface are not detached from the surface of the metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles, for example by hydrolysis, so that the mixture of the invention as a whole does not change or changes only slightly. That a mixture comprising surface-modified particles is stable for the purposes of the present invention can be demonstrated, for example, by the fact that such particles which are in contact with solvents and/or surface-active substance in a mixture according to the invention remain chemically and/or physically unchanged. This can, for example, be determined by elemental analysis or determination of the hydrophobic properties, for example by determination of the ability to float or the contact angle.
- The present invention also provides a process for treating surface-modified particles according to the invention with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
- As regards the surface-modified particles and the solvents, what has been said above in respect of the mixture according to the invention applies to the process of the invention.
- In the process of the invention, the mass ratio of surface-modified particle and the at least one solvent is generally greater than 500, preferably greater than 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000.
- In this process of the invention, the surface-modified particles according to the invention are brought into contact, i.e. treated, with a relatively large amount of solvent. Corresponding systems according to the invention in which this treatment can be carried out are, for example, flowing systems in which the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact in, for example, continuous processes with further substances, particles, materials, etc., for example continuous processes for agglomeration with further substances, particles, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion. The process of the invention also relates to deagglomeration of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles of the invention and further substances, particles or materials, or of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles with themselves, for example likewise in flowing systems.
- The present invention also provides for the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particles is greater than 500.
- As regards the surface-modified particles and the solvents, what has been said above in respect of the mixture of the invention applies.
- The mass ratio of surface-modified particle and the at least one solvent is generally greater than 500, preferably greater than 1000, particularly preferably greater than 5000, very particularly preferably greater than 10 000.
- In this use according to the invention, the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact with a relatively large amount of solvent. Corresponding systems according to the invention in which this contacting can be carried out are, for example, flowing systems in which the surface-modified particles of the invention are brought into contact in, for example, continuous processes with further substances, particles, materials, etc., for example continuous processes for agglomeration with further substances, particles, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion. The use according to the invention also relates to deagglomeration of agglomerates of the surface-modified particles of the invention and further substances, particles or materials, or of agglomerates of surface-modified particles with themselves, for example likewise in flowing systems.
- The present invention also provides for the use of surface-modified particles according to the invention, in particular magnetic particles, in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
- In this use too, what has been said in respect of the mixture of the invention applies to the surface-modified particles and the solvents.
- According to the invention, an agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a process in which the surface-functionalized particles of the invention, in particular magnetic particles, are brought into contact with themselves or other particles, substances, materials, etc., in solution or dispersion and agglomerate as a result of hydrophobic interaction, ionic forces, van der Waals interactions and/or other attractive forces. These agglomerates are then processed in further processes, for example separated from other components and/or the solution or dispersion. After this treatment, the agglomerates are then separated again, i.e. deagglomerated, so that the surface-functionalized particles and the other particles, substances, materials, etc., are again present separately (deagglomeration). Examples of agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles which are preferred according to the invention are chemical or biological test methods or separation processes, decontamination of (heavy metal-)contaminated earth, water purification, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation.
- In chemical or biological test methods or separation processes, use is made of, for example, specifically modified magnetic nanoparticles which have anchor groups for a specific antigen or virus, e.g. borrelia, HIV, hepatitis, on their surface. These specific anchor groups correspond, in particular, to the abovementioned group R1 which has a structure corresponding to the respective separation or test task, for example as a result of the presence of the abovementioned functional groups. Bonding of these antigens/viruses to the modified particle surface (agglomeration) enables these constituents to be separated off from a solution by means of magnetic separation and thus detected. The functionalized magnetic particles are then recycled by means of surfactants which again release the electrostatic, adhesive or van der Waals interaction between functionalized magnetic particle and antigen/virus (deagglomeration). In this way, the functionalized magnetite particles produced in an elaborate way can be reused.
- The modified particles of the invention, in particular magnetic particles, can be used in water purification. Here, for example, it is possible to use functionalized magnetite particles which remove organic constituents, suspended materials or fat droplets from the water by effecting hydrophobic agglomeration between the functionalized magnetite particle and the hydrophobic contaminant. These hydrophobic agglomerates can be separated off by magnetic separation. In order that water purification is economical, it is useful to “unload” the hydrophobic magnetite particles from the contaminant again and return them to the circuit. This “unloading” can once again be affected by deagglomeration using a specific surface-active substance (surfactant) and/or by means of a specific solvent or solvent mixture.
- Recycling of electrical/electronic scrap can, for example, be carried out by magnetic recovery of materials of value (Ir, Pt, Ru) from electrical/electronic scrap, once again preferably using modified magnetite particles which, after hydrophobicization of the materials of value to be separated, can agglomerate with these and be separated off. After the agglomerates have been separated off, they are deagglomerated again so that the modified magnetic particles can be reused.
- A further example is gravity separation, e.g. by means of cyclones known to those skilled in the art. In this way, relatively dense constituents can be separated off from less dense constituents by means of a gravity separation. If the densities of the individual components differ only slightly, e.g. Pt-doped hematite and undoped hematite, the density of the component to be separated off can be increased by agglomeration with a further component. Here, for example, the Pt-doped hematite component is hydrophobicized according to the invention to give modified particles, so that addition of hydrophobicized barium sulfate gives an agglomerate of the modified hematite and barium sulfate which has a greater density difference from the undoped hematite. After the agglomerate has been separated off, it can be deagglomerated again.
- The present invention therefore also preferably provides for the use according to the invention in which the agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a chemical or biological test method or separation process, water purification, purification of (heavy metal-) polluted earth, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation.
- An advantage of the invention is that the particles which have been surface-modified according to the invention are stable under the conditions prevailing in agglomeration and especially deagglomeration and can therefore preferably be reused.
- 10 g of solid are stirred in 1 l of a 0.2% strength by weight solution of Lutensit A-ES from BASF SE (mixture of sodium alkylphenol ether sulfates) in water for 2 hours at room temperature. The solid is subsequently filtered off and washed with 1 l of water, 100 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of acetone. The filter cake is dried at 120° C. under reduced pressure for 4 hours. Samples are subsequently taken for analysis. The remaining product is used for the renewed washing tests.
- 3 ml of water are placed in a 5 ml test tube. The solid to be examined is subsequently carefully placed on the surface of the water by means of a spatula. The solid in the test tube is subsequently observed to see whether the solid sinks or remains afloat. In the case of floating solids, the closed vessel is shaken for 10 s. The solid in the test tube is subsequently observed to see whether the solid floats again or remains under water.
- Contact angles are measured using a standard instrument (Dropshape Analysis Instrument, Kruss DAS 10). A silhouette of the drop is recorded by means of a CCD camera and the drop shape is determined by computer-aided image analysis. The measurements are, unless indicated otherwise, carried out as described in DIN 5560-2.
- The magnetite powder is applied as an appropriately 1 mm thick layer onto a 100 μm thick BASF Acronal V215 adhesive dispersion on a PET film. Using a spatula, the powder is pressed into the adhesive and excess material which does not adhere is removed by shaking. Finally, remaining loose material is removed by blowing purified nitrogen under pressure over the specimen. This method gives a clean, homogeneous powder surface over the total area of the substrate of 75 mm×25 mm.
- Powder surfaces normally display a certain roughness and contact angle or the measurement thereof are sensitive to this roughness. A direct comparison of the hydrophobicity can therefore be carried out only on powders having the same particle size distribution and particle shape. Careful surfaces analyses using ToF-SIMS have shown that the surface of the powder layer produced by this method has no traces of adhesive and is representative of the powder.
- One milliliter of water is placed as a drop on the surface and 2 μl/min of water are continuously added. 20 μl of liquid volume are added continuously in this way. Starting from a minimal volume of about 3 μl, contact angles are measured while the needle of the syringe used for introduction remains in the drop. Contour measurements are carried out at a rate of about 0.5 Hz and are evaluated by means of a tangent method in order to determine the contact angle directly at the three-phase contact line. These contact angles are averaged over time, and five progressive drops are measured at various positions for each sample and the average value together with a standard deviation is determined.
- An experiment is carried out on the use of magnetite hydrophobicized according to the respective example as reusable carrier for the decontamination of (heavy metal-) contaminated earth. For this purpose, 3 g of magnetite were dispersed in a system comprising 100 g of a sand mixture (solids content: 1% by weight). This sand mixture comprises 99% by weight of inorganic siliceous constituents (e.g. feltspars, mica, iron pyrites) and 1% by weight of a specific hydrophobicized inorganic As-comprising contaminant (Enargite). Hydrophobicization of this inorganic contaminant is carried out using butylxanthate. After vigorous mixing of the hydrophobicized magnetite with this sand mixture, the arsenic component is separated off by means of hydrophobic flocculation with the magnetite. The hydrophobic constituents are collected and treated with a 0.1% strength by weight solution of a surfactant (Lutensit A-ES from BASF SE). In a subsequent magnetic separation step, the magnetic constituents are separated from the nonmagnetic As-comprising impurities. The hydrophobic magnetite is washed with a 1:1 mixture of water and EtOH, filtered off and remixed with a freshly produced sand mixture. The process is repeated a total of ten times.
- Synthesis: 10 g of magnetite pigment 345 (magnetite FeII(FeIII)2O4) from BASF SE are added to a solution of 370 mg of nOctSi(OMe)3 (97% strength, from ABCR) in 30 ml of toluene. 1 ml of 25% strength acetic acid is then added to the solution. After 4 hours under reflux, the solid is filtered off and washed with 5 ml of acetone and 1 l of distilled water. The product is dried overnight at 120° C. under reduced pressure. The dried product is, after preliminary comminution, brushed through an analytical sieve (400 μm) and thus deagglomerated and homogenized.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on water (also after shaking under);
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.12% of C, 0.06% of Si, washed ten times: 0.12% of C, 0.06% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 152°, washed ten times 146°;
- Recycling test: When the yield of the As component is detected, the yield of 95% in the first cycle drops to only 91% in the tenth cycle when using the nOctSi(OMe)3-silanized magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE.
- Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 330 mg of nHexSi(OMe)3 (97% strength, from ABCR) are used as silanization reagent.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on water (also after shaking under);
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.08% of C, 0.05% of Si, washed ten times: 0.07% of C, 0.05% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 156°, washed ten times 152°
- Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 290 mg of nBuSi(OMe)3 (97% strength, from ABCR) are used as silanization reagent.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on water (also after shaking under);
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.06% of C, 0.05% of Si, washed ten times: 0.07% of C, 0.05% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 146°, washed ten times 133°;
- Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, water is used instead of toluene as solvent. This is brought to a pH of 3.5 by means of 25% strength acetic acid.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on water (also after shaking under);
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.10% of C, 0.06% of Si, washed ten times: 0.10% of C, 0.04% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 155°, washed ten times 148°;
- Recycling test: When the yield of the As component is detected, the yield of 94% in the first cycle drops to only 92% in the tenth cycle when using the nOctSi(OMe)3-silanized magnetic pigment 345.
- Synthesis: A solution of 370 mg nOctSi(OMe)3 (97% by weight, ABCR) in 5 mL water is adjusted to pH 3,5 with 25% by weight acidic acid and stirred for 60 minutes at room temperature. Afterwards, the solution is sprayed onto 10 g magnetic pigment 345 (magnetite FeII(FeIII)2O4) of BASF SE, whereat the solid is constantly stirred. The product is dried at 120° C. for 2 hours in vacuum. Afterwards, the reaction is completed at 160° C. for 12 hours. The obtained product is primed after premilling through an analysis sieve (400 μm) and is therewith deagglomerated and homogenized.
- Analytic:
- Floatation test: fresh solid and solid which has been washed ten times float equally well on water (also after shaking under);
- Contact angle: fresh 151°, washed ten times 154°.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: fresh solid floats on water even after shaking under, while solid which has been washed twice no longer floats;
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.10% of C, 0.05% of Si, washed ten times: 0.03% of C, 0.01% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 158°, washed ten times 116°
- Recycling: Comparative tests using a previously hydrophobicized magnetite from Lanxess (product: Bayoxide E8707 H) display a dramatic loss in yield of over 40% after only the fourth cycle. The experiments using this product are then stopped.
- Synthesis: Under a protective atmosphere, 10 g of magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE are suspended in 20 ml of toluene. The suspension is heated to 70° C., and 0.3 g of nOctMe2SiCl (97% strength, from ABCR) are then added. The reaction mixture is subsequently maintained at 70° C. for 4 hours while stirring. The solid is subsequently filtered off, washed firstly with 50 ml of toluene, then 50 ml of methanol and finally water until the washings are free of chloride. The product is dried at 120° C. under reduced pressure for 4 hours. The dried product is, after preliminary comminution, brushed through an analytical sieve (400 μm) and thus deagglomerated and homogenized.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: solid floats on water (even after shaking under), while solid washed once no longer floats on water;
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.10% of C, 0.06% of Si, washed ten times: 0.06% of C, 0,04% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 148°, washed once 120°, washed ten times 98°
- Synthesis: The synthesis is carried out according to the scheme described in example 2.1. However, 0.3 g of nBuMe2SiCl (97% strength from ABCR) is used as silanization reagent.
- Analysis:
- Floatation test: solid floats on water (not after shaking under), while solid washed once no longer floats on water;
- Elemental analysis: fresh: 0.09% of C, 0.06% of Si, washed ten times: 0.03% of C, 0.02% of Si;
- Contact angle: fresh 103°, washed ten times 89°
- Synthesis: 8.0 kg of water are placed in an apparatus comprising a 12 l plastic bucket with spout as stirred vessel and a metal stirrer. 2 kg of magnetic pigment 345 from BASF SE are subsequently introduced and the stirring speed of the metal stirrer is selected so that the pigment does not sediment and air is also not drawn in (no head of foam is formed). 12.5 g of n-octylphosphonic acid (OPA, 80% strength) from Albright & Wilson are subsequently added all at once and all the starting materials are mixed in air at room temperature for 1.5 hours. After the end of the stirring time, the suspension is poured on to a porcelain filter (d=24 cm with an MN 85/90 paper filter from Macherey-Nagel). Cracks formed in the filter cake are wiped shut to improve the washing action. The solid is dried overnight at 110° C. in a convection drying oven. The dried product is, after preliminary comminution, brushed through an analytical sieve (400 μm) and thus deagglomerated and homogenized.
- Analysis:
- Elemental analysis: 0.06% of P in the end product;
- Recycling test: Even after the third cycle, only an unsatisfactory yield of the As-comprising impurity of less than 50% is detected. The experiments are subsequently stopped.
Claims (16)
1. A stable mixture comprising surface-modified particles which are obtained by reacting metal oxide or semimetal oxide particles with at least one compound of the general formula (I)
R1 n—Si(OR2)4-n (I)
R1 n—Si(OR2)4-n (I)
where R1, R2 and n have the following meanings:
R1 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C30-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl,
R2 are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C1-C30-alkyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C20-alkenyl, linear or branched, optionally functionalized C2-C20-alkynyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkyl, optionally functionalized C3-C20-cycloalkenyl, optionally functionalized C1-C20-heteroalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-aryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-alkylaryl, optionally functionalized C6-C23-arylalkyl, optionally functionalized C5-C22-heteroaryl
and/or
group of the general formula (IIa)
—SiR1 m(OR2)3-m (IIa)
—SiR1 m(OR2)3-m (IIa)
where R1 and R2 independently of one another have the above-mentioned meanings and m is independently of one another 0, 1, 2 or 3,
n 1, 2 or 3,
and at least one solvent, at least one surface-active substance or a mixture thereof.
2. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
3. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein n in the compound of the general formula (I) is 1 or 2, preferably 1.
4. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein
R2 in the compound of the general formula (I) or in the group of the general formula (IIa) is methyl or ethyl.
5. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, cyclic ethers, esters, cyclic esters, alkanes, cycloalkanes, olefins, cycloolefins, water and mixtures thereof.
6. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one surface-active substance is selected from the group consisting of nonionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
7. The mixture according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide used is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, combinations thereof and mixed oxides of these metals with at least one alkaline earth metal.
8. A process for treating surface-modified particles as defined in claim 1 with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
9. The method of using surface-modified particles as defined in claim 1 in systems in which the modified particles are brought into contact with at least one solvent, wherein the mass ratio of solvent to modified particle is greater than 500.
10. The method of using surface-modified particles as defined in claim 1 in agglomeration-deagglomeration cycles.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the agglomeration-deagglomeration cycle is a chemical or biological test method or separation process, decontamination of (heavy metal-)contaminated earth, water purification, recycling of electrical/electronic scrap or gravity separation.
12. Process for the preparation of a surface-modified particle as defined in claim 1 by contacting the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle, which is to be modified with a compound of general formula (I) or with polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa), as defined in claim 1 .
13. Process according to claim 12 , wherein the contacting of the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle that is to be modified with the compound of general formula (I) or with polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa) as defined in claim 1 , is conducted by spraying.
14. Process according to claim 12 , wherein the reaction is accelerated by adjusting of the pH-value, preferably by addition of acid.
15. Process according to claim 12 , wherein a temperature treatment is conducted after drying of the products, preferably at up to 160° C.
16. Process according to claim 12 , wherein the contacting is conducted by spraying the compounds of general formula (I) or the polysiloxanes of general formula (I), comprising groups of general formula (IIa) as defined in claim 1 , onto the metal- or semi-metal oxide particle that is to be modified.
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